{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T18:26:02Z","timestamp":1793125562756,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,22]],"date-time":"2011-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1308700800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,22]],"date-time":"2011-06-22T21:02:43Z","timestamp":1308776563000},"page":"e21392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Qualitative Real-Time Schlieren and Shadowgraph Imaging of Human Exhaled Airflows: An Aid to Aerosol Infection Control"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Julian W.","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre D. G.","family":"Nicolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovan","family":"Pantelic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxiu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandra","family":"Sekhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David K. W.","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwok Wai","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2006.05.022","article-title":"Factors involved in the aerosol transmission of infection and control of ventilation in healthcare premises.","volume":"64","author":"JW Tang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1211.060426","article-title":"Review of aerosol transmission of influenza A virus.","volume":"12","author":"R Tellier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70269-4","article-title":"Transmission of influenza A in human beings.","volume":"7","author":"R Tellier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S783","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0302.focus","article-title":"Aerosol transmission of influenza A virus: a review of new studies.","volume":"6","author":"R Tellier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70029-4","article-title":"Transmission of influenza A in human beings.","volume":"7","author":"G Brankston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.061202","article-title":"Questioning aerosol transmission of influenza.","volume":"13","author":"C Lemieux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70268-2","article-title":"Transmission of influenza A in human beings.","volume":"7","author":"JW Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002691","article-title":"Influenza virus in human exhaled breath: an observational study.","volume":"3","author":"P Fabian","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21556","article-title":"Exhalation of respiratory viruses by breathing, coughing, and talking.","volume":"81","author":"S Stelzer-Braid","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15100","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015100","article-title":"Measurements of airborne influenza virus in aerosol particles from human coughs.","volume":"5","author":"WG Lindsley","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1086\/596478","article-title":"Measurement of airborne influenza virus in a hospital emergency department.","volume":"48","author":"FM Blachere","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1086\/650457","article-title":"Distribution of airborne influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus in an urgent care medical clinic.","volume":"50","author":"WG Lindsley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2010.0686","article-title":"Concentrations and size distributions of airborne influenza A viruses measured indoors at a health centre, a day-care centre and on aeroplanes.","author":"W Yang","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S703","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0388.focus","article-title":"Exhaled droplets due to talking and coughing.","volume":"6","author":"X Xie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S737","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0227.focus","article-title":"The effect of environmental parameters on the survival of airborne infectious agents.","volume":"6","author":"JW Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2005.05.017","article-title":"Door-opening motion can potentially lead to a transient breakdown in negative-pressure isolation conditions: the importance of vorticity and buoyancy airflows.","volume":"61","author":"JW Tang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S697","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0407.focus","article-title":"Airborne transmission of disease in hospitals.","volume":"6","author":"I Eames","year":"2009","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm072576","article-title":"Images in clinical medicine. Coughing and aerosols.","volume":"359","author":"JW Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm0904279","article-title":"Images in clinical medicine. Coughing and masks.","volume":"361","author":"JW Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S727","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0295.focus","article-title":"A schlieren optical study of the human cough with and without wearing masks for aerosol infection control.","volume":"6","author":"JW Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2008.00742.x","article-title":"Exhaled air temperature in asthmatic children: a mathematical evaluation.","volume":"20","author":"M Pifferi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2005.00407.x","article-title":"Dispersion of exhaled droplet nuclei in a two-bed hospital ward with three different ventilation systems.","volume":"16","author":"H Qian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.3.822","article-title":"Airflows around oxygen masks: A potential source of infection?","volume":"130","author":"DS Hui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2007.05.007","article-title":"Airflow and droplet spreading around oxygen masks: a simulation model for infection control research.","volume":"35","author":"M Ip","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0636","article-title":"Exhaled air dispersion during oxygen delivery via a simple oxygen mask.","volume":"132","author":"DS Hui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S715","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0311.focus","article-title":"Personalized ventilation as a control measure for airborne transmissible disease spread.","volume":"6","author":"J Pantelic","year":"2009","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2010.09.037","article-title":"Observing and quantifying airflows in the infection control of aerosol- and airborne-transmitted diseases: an overview of approaches.","volume":"77","author":"JW Tang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S747","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0228.focus","article-title":"Control of airborne infectious diseases in ventilated spaces.","volume":"6","author":"PV Nielsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1067\/S0892-1997(03)00074-2","article-title":"Aerodynamic and acoustical measures of speech, operatic, and Broadway vocal styles in a professional female singer.","volume":"17","author":"RE Stone Jr","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Voice"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13874-3","article-title":"SARS transmission: language and droplet production.","volume":"362","author":"S Inouye","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.2307\/30148335","article-title":"Effectiveness of liquid soap vs. chlorhexidine gluconate for the removal of Clostridium difficile from bare hands and gloved hands.","volume":"15","author":"K Bettin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.10.1274","article-title":"Efficacy of selected hand hygiene agents used to remove Bacillus atrophaeus (a surrogate of Bacillus anthracis) from contaminated hands.","volume":"289","author":"DJ Weber","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2007.06.016","article-title":"An in-use microbiological comparison of two surgical hand disinfection techniques in cardiothoracic surgery: hand rubbing versus hand scrubbing.","volume":"67","author":"C Carro","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1086\/605322","article-title":"Hand hygiene with soap and water is superior to alcohol rub and antiseptic wipes for removal of Clostridium difficile.","volume":"30","author":"MT Oughton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1086\/652772","article-title":"Effectiveness of alcohol-based hand rubs for removal of Clostridium difficile spores from hands.","volume":"31","author":"U Jabbar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) pandemic in fluenza prepararedness and response guidance for healthcare workers and healthcare employers.","volume":"24","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Avian influenza, including influenza A(H5N1), in humans: WHO interim infection control guideline for health care facilities.","volume":"24","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1086\/600041","article-title":"A quantitative assessment of the efficacy of surgical and N95 masks to filter influenza virus in patients with acute influenza infection.","volume":"49","author":"DF Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02886.x","article-title":"Healthcare infection control special interest group of the Australian Society for Infectious Diseases. ASID (HICSIG) position statement: infection control guidelines for patients with influenza-like illnesses, including pandemic (H1N1) influenza 2009, in Australian health care facilities.","volume":"191","author":"RL Stuart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"RR-17","key":"ref40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care settings, 2005.","volume":"54","author":"PA Jensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"MMWR 30;"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories. 5<sup>th<\/sup> edition. HHS Publication No. (CDC) 21-1112: 316-331.","volume":"23","year":"2009"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0021392","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T14:22:59Z","timestamp":1741270979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0021392"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Cowling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,22]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0021392","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,22]]}}}