{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:12:02Z","timestamp":1791274322975,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,28]],"date-time":"2011-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309219200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,28]],"date-time":"2011-06-28T21:06:48Z","timestamp":1309295208000},"page":"e21706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Identification of Novel Linear Megaplasmids Carrying a \u00df-Lactamase Gene in Neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum Type E Strains"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Franciosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concetta","family":"Scalfaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Di Bonito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Aureli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-009-9491-y","article-title":"Current progress on butyric acid production by fermentation.","volume":"59","author":"C Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-200X.2003.01671.x","article-title":"Prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children by <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> MIYAIRI.","volume":"45","author":"H Seki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.017541-0","article-title":"Butyric acid-producing anaerobic bacteria as a novel probiotic treatment approach for inflammatory bowel disease.","volume":"2)","author":"F Van Immerseel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol 59 (Pt"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80667-1","article-title":"Clostridia colonization and clostridial toxin in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.","volume":"98","author":"WJ Cashore","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1159\/000215590","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis. 150 years of fruitless search for the cause.","volume":"96","author":"M Obladen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.2.207","article-title":"Two cases of type E infant botulism caused by neurotoxigenic <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> in Italy.","volume":"154","author":"P Aureli","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.23.1.201-202.1986","article-title":"Characterization of an organism that produces type E botulinal toxin but which resembles <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> from the feces of an infant with type E botulism.","volume":"23","author":"LM McCroskey","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.26.10.2191-2192.1988","article-title":"Genetic confirmation of identities of neurotoxigenic <italic>Clostridium baratii<\/italic> and <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> implicated as agents of infant botulism.","volume":"26","author":"JC Suen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06081.x","article-title":"Genetic interrelationships of saccharolytic <italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/italic> types B, E, and F and related clostridia as revealed by small subunit rRNA gene sequences.","volume":"108","author":"RA Hutson","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01180-06","article-title":"Genetic diversity among botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridial strains.","volume":"189","author":"KK Hill","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.8.2160-2162.1997","article-title":"Characterization of a neurotoxigenic <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> strain isolated from the food implicated in an outbreak of food-borne type E botulism.","volume":"35","author":"X Meng","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0403.980347","article-title":"Outbreak of suspected <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> botulism in India.","volume":"4","author":"R Chaudry","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"1381","article-title":"Intestinal toxaemia botulism in two young people, caused by <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> type E. Clin Infect Dis","volume":"29","author":"L Fenicia","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-002-0816-z","article-title":"A case of infant botulism due to <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> type E associated with <italic>Clostridium difficile<\/italic> colitis.","volume":"21","author":"L Fenicia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-65.8.1267","article-title":"Influence of pH and temperature on the growth and toxin production by neurotoxigenic strains of <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> type E.","volume":"65","author":"F Anniballi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Laboratory investigation of the first case of <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> type E infant botulism in the United states.","author":"JK Dykes","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2007.08.013","article-title":"Infantile botulism caused by <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> type E toxin.","volume":"38","author":"Y Abe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-48-2-133","article-title":"Isolation and characterisation of neurotoxigenic <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> from soil in China.","volume":"48","author":"X Meng","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Human botulism in Italy, 1984-2007.","author":"L Fenicia","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-7-66","article-title":"Recombination and insertion events involving the botulinum neurotoxin complex genes in <italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/italic> types A, B, E and F and <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> type E strains.","volume":"7","author":"KK Hill","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.06.166","article-title":"Plasmid-encoded neurotoxin genes in <italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/italic> serotype A subtypes.","volume":"361","author":"KM Marshall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1271","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001271","article-title":"Analysis of the neurotoxin complex genes in <italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/italic> A1-A4 and B1 strains: BoNT\/A3,\/Ba4 and\/B1 clusters are located within plasmids.","volume":"2","author":"TJ Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4829","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004829","article-title":"Evidence that plasmid-borne botulinum neurotoxin type B genes are widespread among <italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/italic> serotype B strains.","volume":"4","author":"G Franciosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00077-09","article-title":"Genetic characterization of <italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/italic> associated with type B infant botulism in Japan.","volume":"47","author":"K Umeda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.5.2087-2091.1995","article-title":"The genes for the <italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/italic> type G toxin complex are on a plasmid.","volume":"63","author":"Y Zhou","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11087","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011087","article-title":"Conjugative botulinum neurotoxin-encoding plasmids in <italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/italic>.","volume":"5","author":"KM Marshall","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05576.x","article-title":"Plasmid localization of a type E botulinal neurotoxin gene homologue in toxigenic <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> strains, and absence of this gene in non-toxigenic <italic>C. butyricum<\/italic> strains.","volume":"99","author":"D Hauser","year":"1992","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3825","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.59.11.3825-3831.1993","article-title":"Transfer of neurotoxigenicity from <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> to a nontoxigenic <italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/italic> type E-like strain.","volume":"59","author":"Y Zhou","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4992","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.11.4992-4997.2000","article-title":"Genetic analysis of type E botulinum toxin-producing <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> strains.","volume":"66","author":"X Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6128","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00447-07","article-title":"Distribution of megaplasmids in <italic>Lactobacillus salivarius<\/italic> and other lactobacilli.","volume":"189","author":"Y Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00838-09","article-title":"Characterization of virulence plasmid diversity among <italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/italic> type B isolates.","volume":"78","author":"S Sayeed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.94","article-title":"Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.","volume":"2","author":"J Herschleb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4054","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.12.4054","article-title":"Separation of open circular DNA using pulsed field electrophoresis.","volume":"84","author":"SD Levene","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.3.1045-1050.2005","article-title":"Establishment of a universal size standard strain for use with the PulseNet standardized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols: converting the national databases to new size standard.","volume":"43","author":"SB Hunter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.54.4.502-539.1990","article-title":"Organization of the bacterial chromosome.","volume":"54","author":"S Krawiec","year":"1990","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2009.10.002","article-title":"Sequence analysis of a bacteriocinogenic plasmid of <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> and expression of the bacteriocin gene in <italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic>.","volume":"16","author":"S Nakanishi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2009.05.001","article-title":"Replication and conjugative mobilization of broad host-range IncQ plasmids.","volume":"62","author":"R Meyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2005.08.006","article-title":"Genomics of clostridial pathogens: implication of extrachromosomal elements in pathogenicity.","volume":"8","author":"H Bruggemann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-72025-6","article-title":"Microbial linear plasmids.","author":"F Meinhardt","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308653100","article-title":"Trends between gene content and genome size in prokaryotic species with larger genomes.","volume":"101","author":"KT Konstantinidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.8.1059","article-title":"Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon.","volume":"285","author":"SS Arnon","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11334.x","article-title":"Taxonomic identity of type E botulinum toxin-producing <italic>Clostridium butyricum<\/italic> strains by sequencing of a short 16S rDNA region.","volume":"214","author":"M Pourshaban","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.32.8.1911-1917.1994","article-title":"Detection of type A, B, and E botulism neurotoxin genes in <italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/italic> and other Clostridium species by PCR: evidence of unexpressed type B toxin genes in type A toxigenic organisms.","volume":"8","author":"G Franciosa","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0021706","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,20]],"date-time":"2020-06-20T23:13:17Z","timestamp":1592694797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0021706"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Holger","family":"Bruggemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,28]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0021706","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,28]]}}}