{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:16:27Z","timestamp":1773306987373,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,14]],"date-time":"2011-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1310601600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,14]],"date-time":"2011-07-14T20:56:56Z","timestamp":1310677016000},"page":"e21926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Orally Active Multi-Functional Antioxidants Are Neuroprotective in a Rat Model of Light-Induced Retinal Damage"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Randazzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zifeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyoshi","family":"Kawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Sachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neena","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.477","article-title":"Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States.","volume":"122","author":"N Congdon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2008.01191.x","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness in Icelanders aged 50 years and older: the Reykjavik Eye Study.","volume":"86","author":"E Gunnlaugsdottir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2010.02.002","article-title":"Retinal ultrastructure of murine models of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD).","volume":"29","author":"HL Ramkumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00580-7","article-title":"Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: Pooled findings from three continents.","volume":"108","author":"W Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985809359598","article-title":"Animals as models of age-related macular degeneration: an imperfect measure of the truth.","volume":"47","author":"CJ Zeiss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"782","article-title":"Extreme retinal remodeling triggered by light damage: implications for age related macular degeneration.","volume":"14","author":"RE Marc","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760500177807","article-title":"Iron release analyses from ferritin by visible light irradiation.","volume":"39","author":"K Ohishi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"450","article-title":"Retinal damage by light in rats.","volume":"5","author":"WK Noell","year":"1966","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1999.0748","article-title":"Light-induced retinal damage in mice carrying a mutated SOD I gene.","volume":"69","author":"TW Mittag","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0748-5514(85)90025-X","article-title":"Role of metals in oxygen radical reactions.","volume":"1","author":"SD Aust","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1433","article-title":"Evidence for rod outer segment lipid peroxidation following constant illumination of the rat retina.","volume":"24","author":"RD Wiegand","year":"1983","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1599","article-title":"Protection by dimethylthiourea against retinal light damage in rats.","volume":"33","author":"DT Organisciak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.12.070","article-title":"Detection of lipid peroxidation in light-exposed mouse retina assessed by oxidative stress markers, total hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha.","volume":"398","author":"M Tanito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.09.012","article-title":"Identification of 4-hydroxynonenal-modified retinal proteins induced by photooxidative stress prior to retinal degeneration.","volume":"41","author":"M Tanito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1065","article-title":"Delayed loss of cone and remaining rod photoreceptor cells due to impairment of choroidal circulation after acute light exposure in rats.","volume":"48","author":"M Tanito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4866-04.2005","article-title":"Cytoprotective effects of geranylgeranylacetone against retinal photooxidative damage.","volume":"25","author":"M Tanito","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689109001741","article-title":"Desferrioxamine ameliorates retinal photic injury in albino rats.","volume":"10","author":"ZL Li","year":"1991","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"353","article-title":"The effects of two stereoisomers of N-acetylcysteine on photochemical damage by UVA and blue light in rat retina.","volume":"70","author":"EM Busch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"1191","article-title":"Functional protection of photoreceptors from light-induced damage by dimethylthiourea and Ginkgo biloba extract.","volume":"40","author":"I Ranchon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"1375","article-title":"Systemic administration of phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone protects the retina from light damage.","volume":"42","author":"I Ranchon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1991.tb01997.x","article-title":"Light damage in the rat retina: effect of a radioprotective agent (WR-77913) on acute rod outer segment disk disruptions.","volume":"54","author":"CE Reme","year":"1991","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1057","article-title":"Protective effect of TEMPOL derivatives against light-induced retinal damage in rats.","volume":"48","author":"M Tanito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1021\/jm901381j","article-title":"Multifunctional antioxidants for the treatment of age-related diseases.","volume":"53","author":"H Jin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.12.006","article-title":"Curcumin protects retinal cells from light-and oxidant stress-induced cell death.","volume":"46","author":"MN Mandal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1992.01080180129040","article-title":"Methylprednisolone ameliorates retinal photic injury in rats.","volume":"110","author":"M Rosner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding.","volume":"72","author":"MM Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-008-9138-5","article-title":"A novel mutation in Prph2, a gene regulated by Nr2e3, causes retinal degeneration and outer-segment defects similar to Nr2e3 ( rd7\/rd7 ) retinas.","volume":"19","author":"AM Nystuen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mamm Genome"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)43098-0","article-title":"Determination of Blood Sugar.","volume":"160","author":"M Somogyi","year":"1945","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2008.09.004","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation of membrane phospholipids generates hydroxy-alkenals and oxidized phospholipids active in physiological and\/or pathological conditions.","volume":"157","author":"A Catala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem Phys Lipids"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3859","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0672","article-title":"Protein modifications by 4-hydroxynonenal and 4-hydroxyhexenal in light-exposed rat retina.","volume":"46","author":"M Tanito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"291","article-title":"TEMPOL, a superoxide dismutase mimic, ameliorates light-induced retinal degeneration.","volume":"89","author":"M Wang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"279","article-title":"Oxidative stress induces adult T cell leukemia derived factor\/thioredoxin in the rat retina.","volume":"70","author":"A Ohira","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"2916","article-title":"Mitochondrial induction of adult T cell leukemia derived factor (ADF\/hTx) after oxidative stresses in retinal pigment epithelial cells.","volume":"35","author":"CD Gauntt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1997.0370","article-title":"Induction of human thioredoxin in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells through cyclic AMP-dependent pathway; involvement in the cytoprotective activity of prostaglandin E1.","volume":"65","author":"M Yamamoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6050","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-14-06050.2003","article-title":"Free radical trap phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone protects against light damage but does not rescue P23H and S334ter rhodopsin transgenic rats from inherited retinal degeneration.","volume":"23","author":"I Ranchon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"14","article-title":"Spectral analysis of the albino rat electroretinogram.","volume":"2","author":"S Buckser","year":"1968","journal-title":"Curr Mod Biol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1973.sp010112","article-title":"Scotopic and photopic components of the rat electroetinogram.","volume":"228","author":"DG Green","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"377","article-title":"ERG of the albino rdy rat and susceptibility to light damage.","volume":"314","author":"DR Hardten","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.11.004","article-title":"Retinal light damage: mechanisms and protection.","volume":"29","author":"DT Organisciak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.11.1435","article-title":"The role of apoptosis in age-related macular degeneration.","volume":"120","author":"JL Dunaief","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"2091","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation in rod outer segments. Role of hydroxyl radical and lipid hydroperoxides.","volume":"33","author":"MA De La Paz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3109\/02713688408997203","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and retinal degeneration.","volume":"3","author":"RE Anderson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4625","DOI":"10.1021\/ja005679l","article-title":"5-Pyrimidinols: novel chain-breaking antioxidants more effective than phenols.","volume":"123","author":"DA Pratt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0237","article-title":"Induction of thioltransferase and thioredoxin\/thioredoxin reductase systems in cultured porcine lenses under oxidative stress.","volume":"46","author":"S Moon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.351","article-title":"Redox regulation of cellular activation.","volume":"15","author":"H Nakamura","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(79)90114-3","article-title":"A reinvestigation of the fatty acid content of bovine, rat and frog retinal rod outer segments.","volume":"28","author":"WL Stone","year":"1979","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00409834","article-title":"Light damage to the retina.","volume":"203","author":"NM McKechnie","year":"1977","journal-title":"Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"667","article-title":"The ERG as a complementary diagnostic tool in ophthalmoscopy in albino rats.","volume":"7","author":"FJ Kuhn","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lens Eye Toxic Res"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(80)90085-0","article-title":"Light-induced damage to photopic and scotopic mechanisms in the rat depends on rearing conditions.","volume":"68","author":"DG Birch","year":"1980","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"323","article-title":"Iron and copper toxicity in diseases of aging, particularly atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.","volume":"232","author":"GJ Brewer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4660","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0568","article-title":"Iron induced oxidative damage as a potential factor in age-related macular degeneration: the Cogan Lecture.","volume":"47","author":"JL Dunaief","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867053764635","article-title":"Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress.","volume":"12","author":"M Valko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Oral iron chelator deferiprone protects against iron overload induced retinal degeneration.","author":"M Hadziahmetovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0021926","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,28]],"date-time":"2021-11-28T02:19:13Z","timestamp":1638065953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0021926"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Villoslada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,14]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0021926","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,14]]}}}