{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:59:22Z","timestamp":1790895562730,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]],"date-time":"2011-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1313452800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]],"date-time":"2011-08-16T16:05:33Z","timestamp":1313510733000},"page":"e23404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Degenerate Wave and Capacitive Coupling Increase Human MSC Invasion and Proliferation While Reducing Cytotoxicity in an In Vitro Wound Healing Model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Griffin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Amir","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Colthurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ardeshir","family":"Bayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196547010-00015","article-title":"Treatment of Ununited Fractures of the Long Bones; Diagnosis and Prevention of Non-Union.","volume":"47","author":"HR Brashear","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(96)80061-5","article-title":"Biological principles of bone graft healing.","volume":"35","author":"TJ Cypher","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200203000-00020","article-title":"Bone-grafting and bone-graft substitutes.","volume":"84-A","author":"CG Finkemeier","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2003.11.001","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells: clinical applications and biological characterization.","volume":"36","author":"FP Barry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2008.07.004","article-title":"Bone remodeling during fracture repair: The cellular picture.","volume":"19","author":"A Schindeler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.93B4.25249","article-title":"Exploring the application of mesenchymal stem cells in bone repair and regeneration.","volume":"93","author":"M Griffin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-118-5-199303010-00009","article-title":"Magnetic healing, quackery, and the debate about the health effects of electromagnetic fields.","volume":"118","author":"RM Macklis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1143\/JPSJ.12.1158","article-title":"On the piezolelectric properties of bone.","volume":"12","author":"YI Fukada E","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Phy Soc Jap"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20862","article-title":"Modulation of osteogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells by specific pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation.","volume":"27","author":"MT Tsai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21172","article-title":"Towards in situ tissue repair: human mesenchymal stem cells express chemokine receptors CXCR1, CXCR2 and CCR2, and migrate upon stimulation with CXCL8 but not CCL2.","volume":"101","author":"J Ringe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.5.4.427","article-title":"Treatment of neurodegenerative diseases using adult bone marrow stromal cell-derived neurons.","volume":"5","author":"M Dezawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-04-1488","article-title":"Nonhematopoietic mesenchymal stem cells can be mobilized and differentiate into cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction.","volume":"104","author":"H Kawada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)02384-9","article-title":"Intracerebral transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson&apos;s disease.","volume":"316","author":"Y Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(93)90221-M","article-title":"Bone healing after bone marrow stromal cell transplantation to the bone defect.","volume":"14","author":"T Niedzwiedzki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1094","article-title":"Basement membranes: structure, assembly and role in tumour angiogenesis.","volume":"3","author":"R Kalluri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4782","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.17.4782","article-title":"Homophilic complex formation of MT1-MMP facilitates proMMP-2 activation on the cell surface and promotes tumor cell invasion.","volume":"20","author":"Y Itoh","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.10475","article-title":"Migration of culture-expanded human mesenchymal stem cells through bone marrow endothelium is regulated by matrix metalloproteinase-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3.","volume":"92","author":"A De Becker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-06-228494","article-title":"MT1-MMP controls human mesenchymal stem cell trafficking and differentiation.","volume":"115","author":"C Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2010.01150.x","article-title":"A novel in vitro assay for electrophysiological research on human skin fibroblasts: degenerate electrical waves downregulate collagen I expression in keloid fibroblasts.","volume":"20","author":"A Sebastian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1159\/000215579","article-title":"Secretion of fibrinolytic enzymes facilitates human mesenchymal stem cell invasion into fibrin clots.","volume":"191","author":"S Neuss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1159\/000064517","article-title":"Effects of direct current electric fields on cell migration and actin filament distribution in bovine vascular endothelial cells.","volume":"39","author":"X Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vasc Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.07559","article-title":"Stromal cell-derived factor-1 promotes cell migration and tumor growth of colorectal metastasis.","volume":"9","author":"O Kollmar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.01.377","article-title":"Potential roles of growth factor PDGF-BB in the bony repair of injured growth plate.","volume":"44","author":"R Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.05.034","article-title":"IGF-I and IGF-II stimulate directed cell migration of bone-marrow-derived human mesenchymal progenitor cells.","volume":"345","author":"J Fiedler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1979","article-title":"TGF-beta1-induced migration of bone mesenchymal stem cells couples bone resorption with formation.","volume":"15","author":"Y Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/15368370701580756","article-title":"Effects of different extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on osteoblasts.","volume":"26","author":"X Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electromagn Biol Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.22-5-812","article-title":"Contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to skin: collagen deposition and wound repair.","volume":"22","author":"C Fathke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026387411627","article-title":"Mesenchymal bone marrow stem cells more effectively stimulate regeneration of deep burn wounds than embryonic fibroblasts.","volume":"136","author":"VI Shumakov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199404000-00013","article-title":"Mesenchymal cell-based repair of large, full-thickness defects of articular cartilage.","volume":"76","author":"S Wakitani","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041500112","article-title":"Low-amplitude, low-frequency electric field-stimulated bone cell proliferation may in part be mediated by increased IGF-II release.","volume":"150","author":"RJ Fitzsimmons","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of cellular physiology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/6529","article-title":"Transplantability and therapeutic effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells in children with osteogenesis imperfecta.","volume":"5","author":"EM Horwitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-009-0793-1","article-title":"Expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 in conjunctival melanomas and clinical implications.","volume":"54","author":"HK Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Japanese journal of ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1114\/1.263","article-title":"Integrin-dependent human macrophage migration induced by oscillatory electrical stimulation.","volume":"28","author":"MR Cho","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"41","article-title":"Effect of transcutaneous electrostimulation on the cell composition of skin exudate.","volume":"37","author":"A Eberhardt","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Pol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000293761.27219.84","article-title":"Pulsed electromagnetic fields accelerate normal and diabetic wound healing by increasing endogenous FGF-2 release.","volume":"121","author":"MJ Callaghan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plastic and reconstructive surgery"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2003.09.025","article-title":"Tissue-specific muscle, neural and liver stem\/progenitor cells reside in the bone marrow, respond to an SDF-1 gradient and are mobilized into peripheral blood during stress and tissue injury.","volume":"32","author":"M Kucia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol Dis"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-005-0521-z","article-title":"Time course of myocardial stromal cell-derived factor 1 expression and beneficial effects of intravenously administered bone marrow stem cells in rats with experimental myocardial infarction.","volume":"100","author":"J Ma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.22-3-415","article-title":"Interactions of chemokines and chemokine receptors mediate the migration of mesenchymal stem cells to the impaired site in the brain after hypoglossal nerve injury.","volume":"22","author":"JF Ji","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2004-0342","article-title":"Trafficking of normal stem cells and metastasis of cancer stem cells involve similar mechanisms: pivotal role of the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis.","volume":"23","author":"M Kucia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mt.6300374","article-title":"Targeted migration of mesenchymal stem cells modified with CXCR4 gene to infarcted myocardium improves cardiac performance.","volume":"16","author":"Z Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s004180050399","article-title":"Expression of platelet-derived growth factor proteins and their receptor alpha and beta mRNAs during fracture healing in the normal mouse.","volume":"112","author":"H Fujii","year":"1999","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-008-0533-y","article-title":"Effect of electrical stimulation on IGF-1 transcription by L-type calcium channels in cultured retinal Muller cells.","volume":"52","author":"T Sato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-10-051060","article-title":"MMP-2, MT1-MMP, and TIMP-2 are essential for the invasive capacity of human mesenchymal stem cells: differential regulation by inflammatory cytokines.","volume":"109","author":"C Ries","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1912","article-title":"Invasive growth: a MET-driven genetic programme for cancer and stem cells.","volume":"6","author":"C Boccaccio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s002490000100","article-title":"Capacitively coupled electric fields accelerate proliferation of osteoblast-like primary cells and increase bone extracellular matrix formation in vitro.","volume":"29","author":"M Hartig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Biophys J"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"A novel in vitro assay for electrophysiological research on human skin fibroblasts: Degenerate electrical waves downregulate collagen I expression in keloid fibroblasts.","author":"A Sebastian","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2010.01150.x"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20472","article-title":"Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field on the proliferation and differentiation potential of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.","volume":"30","author":"LY Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09738.x","article-title":"Differential distribution of haematopoietic and nonhaematopoietic progenitor cells in intralesional and extralesional keloid: do keloid scars provide a niche for nonhaematopoietic mesenchymal stem cells?","author":"SA Iqbal","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.10048.x","article-title":"Fibroblasts from the growing margin of keloid scars produce higher levels of collagen I and III compared with intralesional and extralesional sites: clinical implications for lesional site-directed therapy.","volume":"164","author":"F Syed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0023404","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]],"date-time":"2019-06-13T23:21:17Z","timestamp":1560468077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0023404"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pranela","family":"Rameshwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0023404","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,16]]}}}