{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T06:26:57Z","timestamp":1790922417919,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,29]],"date-time":"2011-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322524800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]],"date-time":"2011-12-01T04:34:25Z","timestamp":1322714065000},"page":"e28172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Dynamics of Regulatory T-Cells during Pregnancy: Effect of HIV Infection and Correlations with Other Immune Parameters"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kelly","family":"Richardson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7149","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.12.7149","article-title":"Cutting edge: allogeneic CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells suppress autoimmunity while establishing transplantation tolerance.","volume":"176","author":"D Adeegbe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8146","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.12.8146","article-title":"Pregnancy suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through immunoregulatory cytokine production.","volume":"179","author":"MA McClain","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26856","article-title":"Reprogramming of antiviral T cells prevents inactivation and restores T cell activity during persistent viral infection.","volume":"116","author":"DG Brooks","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2006.0162","article-title":"CD25+ regulatory T cells isolated from HIV-infected individuals suppress the cytolytic and nonlytic antiviral activity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells in vitro.","volume":"23","author":"AL Kinter","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.11.038","article-title":"Regulatory function of cytomegalovirus-specific CD4+CD27-CD28- T cells.","volume":"398","author":"A Tovar-Salazar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611423104","article-title":"Suppression of HIV-specific T cell activity by lymph node CD25+ regulatory T cells from HIV-infected individuals.","volume":"104","author":"A Kinter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2008.0140","article-title":"Regulatory T cell expansion and immune activation during untreated HIV type 1 infection are associated with disease progression.","volume":"25","author":"W Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32825eab8b","article-title":"Proportions of circulating T cells with a regulatory cell phenotype increase with HIV-associated immune activation and remain high on antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"21","author":"A Lim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31817bbea5","article-title":"The relationship of T-regulatory cell subsets to disease stage, immune activation, and pathogen-specific immunity in HIV infection.","volume":"48","author":"AR Tenorio","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.6.3143","article-title":"The prevalence of regulatory T cells in lymphoid tissue is correlated with viral load in HIV-infected patients.","volume":"174","author":"J Andersson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.03.026","article-title":"CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in HIV infection.","volume":"7","author":"DF Nixon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbes and infection\/Institut Pasteur"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.5.2454-2459.2004","article-title":"Human CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells control T-cell responses to human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus antigens.","volume":"78","author":"EM Aandahl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8307","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00520-08","article-title":"Preservation of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in the peripheral blood of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected elite suppressors correlates with low CD4+ T-cell activation.","volume":"82","author":"AJ Chase","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328319edc0","article-title":"HIV-specific regulatory T cells are associated with higher CD4 cell counts in primary infection.","volume":"22","author":"H Kared","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.7.4407","article-title":"Depletion of regulatory T cells in HIV infection is associated with immune activation.","volume":"174","author":"MP Eggena","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1086\/314660","article-title":"Shorter survival in advanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection is more closely associated with T lymphocyte activation than with plasma virus burden or virus chemokine coreceptor usage.","volume":"179","author":"JV Giorgi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1086\/605890","article-title":"Serum immune activation markers are persistently increased in patients with HIV infection after 6 years of antiretroviral therapy despite suppression of viral replication and reconstitution of CD4+ T cells.","volume":"200","author":"MA French","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199813000-00004","article-title":"Prognostic significance of plasma markers of immune activation, HIV viral load and CD4 T-cell measurements.","volume":"12","author":"JL Fahey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1511","article-title":"Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection.","volume":"12","author":"JM Brenchley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833ad914","article-title":"Traditional risk factors and D-dimer predict incident cardiovascular disease events in chronic HIV infection.","volume":"24","author":"ES Ford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1086\/652750","article-title":"Pretreatment levels of soluble cellular receptors and interleukin-6 are associated with HIV disease progression in subjects treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"201","author":"RC Kalayjian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61717-7","article-title":"C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis.","volume":"375","author":"S Kaptoge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e203","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050203","article-title":"Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection.","volume":"5","author":"LH Kuller","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1086\/652749","article-title":"Markers of inflammation, coagulation, and renal function are elevated in adults with HIV infection.","volume":"201","author":"J Neuhaus","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062360","article-title":"CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment.","volume":"355","author":"WM El-Sadr","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181e46308","article-title":"Anti-Influenza Serum and Mucosal Antibody Responses After Administration of Live Attenuated or Inactivated Influenza Vaccines to HIV-Infected Children.","author":"A Weinberg","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(98)00085-0","article-title":"Changes in immune activation markers during pregnancy and postpartum.","volume":"42","author":"DN Burns","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(97)00018-1","article-title":"Immunologic activation during pregnancy: serial measurement of lymphocyte phenotype and serum activation molecules in HIV-infected and uninfected women.","volume":"33","author":"Y Mikyas","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01869.x","article-title":"Normal human pregnancy is associated with an elevation in the immune suppressive CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T-cell subset.","volume":"112","author":"DA Somerset","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62302-4","article-title":"Abnormal T-cell reactivity against paternal antigens in spontaneous abortion: adoptive transfer of pregnancy-induced CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells prevents fetal rejection in a murine abortion model.","volume":"166","author":"AC Zenclussen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1037","article-title":"Regulatory T cells mediate maternal tolerance to the fetus.","volume":"5","author":"VR Aluvihare","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199510000-00010","article-title":"HIV infection in women: immunological markers and the influence of pregnancy.","volume":"9","author":"RP Brettle","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67481-8","article-title":"Increased risk of incident HIV during pregnancy in Rakai, Uganda: a prospective study.","volume":"366","author":"RH Gray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.5.1221","article-title":"CD4+ lymphocytes in perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: evidence for pregnancy-induced immune depression in uninfected and HIV-infected women.","volume":"172","author":"KC Rich","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807303390501","article-title":"Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. Pregnancy in Multiple Sclerosis Group.","volume":"339","author":"C Confavreux","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.12.004","article-title":"Dubicke A, Fransson E, Centini G, Andersson E, Bystrom B, et al. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in human preterm and term cervical ripening.","volume":"84","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"1056","article-title":"Amniotic fluid interleukin-6 and preterm delivery: a review.","volume":"95","author":"AY El-Bastawissi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Association between maternal serum cytokine profiles at 7-10 weeks' gestation and birthweight in small for gestational age infants.","author":"HM Georgiou","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.02.015","article-title":"Biochemical markers for the prediction of preterm birth.","volume":"192","author":"RL Goldenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.080432","article-title":"Gomez-Lopez N, Laresgoiti-Servitje E, Olson DM, Estrada-Gutierrez G, Vadillo-Ortega F. The role of chemokines in term and premature rupture of the fetal membranes: a review.","volume":"82","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-956773","article-title":"The role of inflammation and infection in preterm birth.","volume":"25","author":"R Romero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7023","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901154","article-title":"Systemic increase in the ratio between Foxp3+ and IL-17-producing Cd4+ T cells in healthy pregnancy but not in preeclampsia.","volume":"183","author":"B Santner-Nanan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00342-08","article-title":"Optimization and limitations of use of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells for functional and phenotypic T-cell characterization.","volume":"16","author":"A Weinberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3672","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-07-2540","article-title":"Expansion of CD7(low) and CD7(negative) CD8 T-cell effector subsets in HIV-1 infection: correlation with antigenic load and reversion by antiretroviral treatment.","volume":"104","author":"EM Aandahl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-016923","article-title":"Mucosal but not peripheral FOXP3+ regulatory T cells are highly increased in untreated HIV infection and normalize after suppressive HAART.","volume":"108","author":"HJ Epple","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-07-298992","article-title":"Dysregulation of CD4+CD25+CD127lowFOXP3+ regulatory T cells in HIV-infected pregnant women.","volume":"117","author":"L Kolte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq073","article-title":"Normalization of FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells in response to effective antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"203","author":"M Montes","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-809.x","article-title":"Characterization of type 1 and type 2 cytokine production profile in physiologic and pathologic human pregnancy.","volume":"106","author":"M Marzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90235-D","article-title":"Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal-fetal relationship: is successful pregnancy a TH2 phenomenon?","volume":"14","author":"TG Wegmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.217117","article-title":"Human placental pericytes poorly stimulate and actively regulate allogeneic CD4 T cell responses.","volume":"31","author":"CL Maier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis & Vascular Biology"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq198","article-title":"The deregulation of regulatory T cells on interleukin-17-producing T helper cells in patients with unexplained early recurrent miscarriage.","volume":"25","author":"W-J Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1680","article-title":"A pivotal role for galectin-1 in fetomaternal tolerance.","volume":"13","author":"SM Blois","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature medicine"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5893","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.10.5893","article-title":"Depletion of CD8+ cells abolishes the pregnancy protective effect of progesterone substitution with dydrogesterone in mice by altering the Th1\/Th2 cytokine profile.","volume":"172","author":"SM Blois","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of immunology"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000244201.11006.1c","article-title":"Hospitalizations of pregnant HIV-infected women in the USA prior to and during the era of HAART, 1994-2003.","volume":"20","author":"AP Kourtis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(95)02356-H","article-title":"Impact of maternal HIV-1 infection on perinatal outcome.","volume":"49","author":"RM Kumar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1086\/651232","article-title":"Prenatal protease inhibitor use and risk of preterm birth among HIV-infected women initiating antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy.","volume":"201","author":"K Patel","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1086\/503045","article-title":"Is antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery, low birth weight, or stillbirth?","volume":"193","author":"AM Cotter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1086\/605611","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus-specific immune responses to herpes zoster in elderly participants in a trial of a clinically effective zoster vaccine.","volume":"200","author":"A Weinberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa013441","article-title":"Use of an inactivated varicella vaccine in recipients of hematopoietic-cell transplants.","volume":"347","author":"A Hata","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1385\/IR:28:3:241","article-title":"CTLA-4 and tolerance: the biochemical point of view.","volume":"28","author":"S Chikuma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunologic research"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910341107","article-title":"Dual function of CTLA-4 in regulatory T cells and conventional T cells to prevent multiorgan autoimmunity.","volume":"107","author":"N Jain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2961","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002961","article-title":"HIV-induced type I interferon and tryptophan catabolism drive T cell dysfunction despite phenotypic activation.","volume":"3","author":"A Boasso","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1086\/605447","article-title":"Activation and coagulation biomarkers are independent predictors of the development of opportunistic disease in patients with HIV infection.","volume":"200","author":"AJ Rodger","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2011.02.007","article-title":"Intergenotypic variation of nitric oxide and inflammatory markers in preeclampsia: a pilot study in a North Indian population.","volume":"72","author":"D Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Human immunology"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.080009840.x","article-title":"The relationship between cervical dilatation, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 during term labor.","volume":"80","author":"G Hebisch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2009.08.014","article-title":"Mid-trimester maternal plasma cytokines and CRP as predictors of spontaneous preterm birth.","volume":"49","author":"MS Kramer","journal-title":"Cytokine"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0028172","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T04:26:38Z","timestamp":1540268798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0028172"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rachel Louise","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,29]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0028172","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,29]]}}}