{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T09:47:36Z","timestamp":1790502456447,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,9]],"date-time":"2011-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1323388800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,9]],"date-time":"2011-12-09T21:53:11Z","timestamp":1323467591000},"page":"e28214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Omega-3 Fatty Acids Modify Human Cortical Visual Processing\u2014A Double-Blind, Crossover Study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Bauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Crewther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Pipingas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee","family":"Rowsell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Cockerell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila G.","family":"Crewther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.06.002","article-title":"The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina.","volume":"24","author":"JP SanGiovanni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000177900","article-title":"Effect of dietary n-3 deficiency on the electroretinogram in the guinea pig.","volume":"40","author":"HS Weisinger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"2365","article-title":"Retinal development in very-low-birth-weight infants fed diets differing in omega-3 fatty acids.","volume":"33","author":"DG Birch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2010.00565.x","article-title":"Inflammation and depression: why poststroke depression may be the norm and not the exception.","volume":"6","author":"MC Pascoe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"57","article-title":"The role of omega-3 fatty acids in mood disorders.","volume":"9","author":"LA Stahl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.5.1170","article-title":"Correlation between changes in blood fatty acid composition and visual sustained attention performance in children with inattention: effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids containing phospholipids.","volume":"87","author":"N Vaisman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2005.01570.x","article-title":"Cognitive and physiological effects of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in healthy subjects.","volume":"35","author":"G Fontani","year":"2005","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2009.10718114","article-title":"Effect of omega-3 and policosanol supplementation on attention and reactivity in athletes.","volume":"28","author":"G Fontani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"No effect of 12 weeks' supplementation with 1 g DHA-rich or EPA-rich fish oil on cognitive function or mood in healthy young adults aged 18\u201335 years.","author":"PA Jackson","journal-title":"British Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2007.01.001","article-title":"Exploratory study into the relation between plasma phospholipid fatty acid status and cognitive performance.","volume":"76","author":"R De Groot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and essential fatty acids"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2164","article-title":"The Oxford-Durham study: a randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder.","volume":"115","author":"AJ Richardson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28549","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases prefrontal cortex activation during sustained attention in healthy boys: a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, functional magnetic resonance imaging study.","volume":"91","author":"RK McNamara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bihy.2008.02.003","article-title":"Mental health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids may be mediated by improvements in cerebral vascular function.","volume":"1","author":"N Sinn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioscience Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M300526-JLR200","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid ethyl-eicosapentaenoate, but not soybean oil, attenuates memory impairment induced by central IL-1beta administration.","volume":"45","author":"C Song","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-008-0075-5","article-title":"Novel targets for antidepressant therapies.","volume":"10","author":"PE Holtzheimer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2004.02520.x","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid promotes neurite growth in hippocampal neurons.","volume":"90","author":"F Calderon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neurochemistry"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108092120","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids (fish-oil) and depression-related cognition in healthy volunteers.","volume":"23","author":"N Antypa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000324268.45138.86","article-title":"Effect of fish oil on cognitive performance in older subjects.","volume":"71","author":"O Van de Rest","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"The effects of 90-day supplementation with the Omega-3 essential fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on cognitive function and visual acuity in a healthy aging population.","author":"C Stough","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002702917233","article-title":"The interpretation of multifocal binary kernels.","volume":"100","author":"E Sutter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Doc Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00209-X","article-title":"M and P components of the VEP and their visual field distribution.","volume":"37","author":"H Baseler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00003-5","article-title":"Separate magnocellular and parvocellular contributions from temporal analysis of the multifocal VEP.","volume":"37","author":"A Klistorner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.10.003","article-title":"A role for the \u2018magnocellular advantage\u2019 in visual impairments in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.","volume":"31","author":"R Laycock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq122","article-title":"Magnocellular visual evoked potential delay with high autism spectrum quotient yields a neural mechanism for altered perception.","volume":"133","author":"A Sutherland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162200000311","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of early dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and mental development in term infants.","volume":"42","author":"EE Birch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Long-Term Effects of Prenatal Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake on Visual Function in School-Age Children.","author":"C Jacques","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2009.06.006","article-title":"Does dietary DHA improve neural function in children? Observations in phenylketonuria.","volume":"81","author":"B Koletzko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"79","article-title":"Assessing the efficacy of nutraceutical interventions on cognitive functioning in the elderly.","volume":"8","author":"A Pipingas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.072322","article-title":"Incorporation and clearance of omega-3 fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes and plasma phospholipids.","volume":"52","author":"J Cao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2388","article-title":"Improved cognitive performance after dietary supplementation with a Pinus radiata bark extract formulation.","volume":"22","author":"A Pipingas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Deterministic approach to nonlinear systems analysis.","author":"EE Sutter","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Fundamental statistics for the behavioral sciences: Wadsworth Pub Co.","author":"DC Howell","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Bootstrap Methods and Permutation Tests","author":"DS Moore","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.5.495","article-title":"Early-stage visual processing and cortical amplification deficits in schizophrenia.","volume":"62","author":"P Butler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of general psychiatry"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbq114","article-title":"On identifying magnocellular and parvocellular responses on the basis of contrast-response functions.","volume":"37","author":"BC Skottun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.41.020190.003223","article-title":"Visual sensitivity and parallel retinocortical channels.","volume":"41","author":"R Shapley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.07.037","article-title":"Specialized circuits from primary visual cortex to V2 and area MT.","volume":"55","author":"JJ Nassi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"1628","article-title":"Magnocellular and parvocellular visual pathways have different blood oxygen level-dependent signal time courses in human primary visual cortex.","volume":"27","author":"CS Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301628","article-title":"Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in first-episode psychosis. A 1H-MRS study.","volume":"33","author":"GE Berger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2009.02.018","article-title":"Inhibition of astroglial glutamate transport by polyunsaturated fatty acids: evidence for a signalling role of docosahexaenoic acid.","volume":"54","author":"B Grintal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1467S","article-title":"Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n-3 fatty acids in humans.","volume":"83","author":"LM Arterburn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.12.2515","article-title":"Arachidonic acid and the brain.","volume":"138","author":"SI Rapoport","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(93)90049-F","article-title":"Changes of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in plasma and circulating cells of normal subjects, after prolonged administration of 20:5 (EPA) and 22:6 (DHA) ethyl esters and prolonged washout.","volume":"1210","author":"F Marangoni","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0028214","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T18:26:21Z","timestamp":1561055181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0028214"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Herzog","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0028214","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,9]]}}}