{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T20:51:14Z","timestamp":1763499074579},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,14]],"date-time":"2011-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1323820800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,14]],"date-time":"2011-12-14T20:19:06Z","timestamp":1323893946000},"page":"e28625","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Fatal Disseminated Cryptococcus gattii Infection in New Mexico"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Carla J.","family":"Walraven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Gerstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Hardison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Floyd","family":"Wormley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn R.","family":"Lockhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie R.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Fothergill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Wickes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Gober-Wilcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Massie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. S. Neil","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Firacative","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wieland","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel A.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"689","article-title":"An atypical strain of <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic> (San Felice) Vuillemin 1894. I. Description of the disease and of the strain.","volume":"50","author":"F Gatti","year":"1970","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belges Med Trop Parasitol Mycol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.28.7.1642-1644.1990","article-title":"Natural habitat of <italic>Cryptococccus neoformans<\/italic> var. <italic>gattii<\/italic>.","volume":"28","author":"DH Ellis","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.4.929","article-title":"Environmental isolation of <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans gattii<\/italic> from California.","volume":"163","author":"T Pfeiffer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-010-9313-6","article-title":"The search for the natural habitat of <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic>.","volume":"170","author":"F Hagen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.15.3.535-537.1982","article-title":"Improved Diagnostic Medium for Separation of <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic> var. <italic>neoformans<\/italic> (Serotypes A and D) and <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic> var. <italic>gattii<\/italic> (Serotypes B and C).","volume":"15","author":"KJ Kwon-Chung","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.4.912-917.1996","article-title":"Molecular subtype distribution of <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic> in four areas of the United States. Cryptococcal Disease Active Surveillance Group.","volume":"34","author":"ME Brandt","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060827","article-title":"Spread of <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> in British Columbia, Canada, and detection in the Pacific Northwest, USA.","volume":"13","author":"L MacDougall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.081384","article-title":"Spread of <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> into Pacific Northwest region of the United States.","volume":"15","author":"K Datta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1086\/597306","article-title":"Molecular evidence that the range of the Vancouver Island outbreak of <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> infection has expanded into the Pacific Northwest in the United States.","volume":"199","author":"EJ Byrnes 3rd","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01330-06","article-title":"Characterization of environmental sources of the human and animal pathogen <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> in British Columbia, Canada, and the Pacific Northwest of the United States.","volume":"73","author":"SE Kidd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.39.2.155.168","article-title":"<italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic> variety <italic>gattii<\/italic>.","volume":"39","author":"TC Sorrell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1602.090900","article-title":"Epidemiology of <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic>, British Columbia, Canada, 1999\u20132007.","volume":"16","author":"E Galanis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir723","article-title":"<italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> in the United States: clinical aspects of infection with an emerging pathogen.","volume":"53","author":"JR Harris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.3.611","article-title":"Cryptococcal disease of the CNS in immunocompetent hosts: influence of cryptococcal variety on clinical manifestations and outcome.","volume":"20","author":"DH Mitchell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.1.28","article-title":"Clinical and host differences between infections with the two varieties of <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic>.","volume":"21","author":"B Speed","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/719659","article-title":"Clinical presentations, diagnosis and management of <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> cases: lessons learned from British Columbia.","volume":"20","author":"E Galanis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780902953886","article-title":"Consensus multi-locus sequence typing scheme for <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic> and <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic>.","volume":"47","author":"W Meyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17258","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402981101","article-title":"A rare genotype of <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada).","volume":"101","author":"SE Kidd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"177","article-title":"Chronic cryptococcal meningitis: a new experimental model in rabbits.","volume":"101","author":"JR Perfect","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"193","article-title":"Immunology of infection caused by <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic>.","volume":"118","author":"FL Wormley Jr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Methods Mol Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4284","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00628-09","article-title":"<italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> isolates from the British Columba cryptococcosis outbreak induce less protective inflammation in a murine model of infection than <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic>.","volume":"77","author":"PY Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090634","article-title":"Pulmonary infection with an interferon-gamma producing <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic> strain results in classical macrophage activation and protection.","volume":"176","author":"SE Hardison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.090530","article-title":"Robust Th1 and Th17 immunity supports pulmonary clearance but cannot prevent systemic dissemination of highly virulent <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic> H99.","volume":"175","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1601.090369","article-title":"Projecting global occurrence of <italic>Cryptooccus gattii<\/italic>.","volume":"16","author":"DJ Springer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office, Albuquerque, NM. New Mexico monthly summaries archive."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780802559031","article-title":"Genotyping of Mexican <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic> and <italic>C. gattii<\/italic> isolates by PCR-fingerprinting.","volume":"47","author":"LR Olivares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"35","article-title":"Frequency of <italic>Cryptococcus<\/italic> species and varieties in Mexico and their comparison with some Latin American countries.","volume":"42","author":"LR Castanon-Olivares","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Latinoam Microbiol"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"328","article-title":"Phenotype characterization of environmental <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic> isolates.","volume":"23","author":"S Huerfano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00436865","article-title":"<italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic> var. <italic>gattii<\/italic> among patients with cryptococcal meningitis in Mexico. First observations.","volume":"134","author":"R Lopez-Martinez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-010-9296-3","article-title":"Genotypic characterization of environmental isolates of <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> from Puerto Rico.","volume":"170","author":"Y Loperena-Alvarez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Examination of <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> isolates from HIV\/AIDS patients uncovers a diverse population of VGIII molecular type isolates endemic in Southern California.","author":"EJ Byrnes","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5851","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005851","article-title":"First reported case of <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> in the Southeastern USA: implications for travel-associated acquisition of an emerging pathogen.","volume":"4","author":"EJ Byrnes 3rd","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1607.100106","article-title":"<italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> genotype VGIIa infection in man, Japan, 2007.","volume":"16","author":"K Okamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.5.1253-1260.1996","article-title":"Concordance of clinical and environmental isolates of <italic>Cryptococcus neoformas<\/italic> var. <italic>gattii<\/italic> by random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis and PCR fingerprinting.","volume":"34","author":"TC Sorrell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01505-09","article-title":"Correlation of genotype and in vitro susceptibilities of <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> strains from the Pacific Northwest of the correlation of genotype and in vitro susceptibilities of <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> strains from the Pacific Northwest of the United States.","volume":"48","author":"N Iqbal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04220","article-title":"Same-sex mating and the origin of the Vancouver Island <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> outbreak.","volume":"437","author":"JA Fraser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4284","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00628-09","article-title":"<italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> isolates from the British Columbia cryptococcosis outbreak induce less protective inflammation in a murine model of infection than <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic>.","volume":"77","author":"PY Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000850","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000850","article-title":"Emergence and pathogenicity of highly virulent <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> genotypes in the northwest United States.","volume":"6","author":"EJ Byrnes 3rd","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03222.x","article-title":"Global VGIIa isolates are of comparable virulence to the major fatal <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> Vancouver Island outbreak genotype.","volume":"17","author":"P Ngamskulrungroj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"865","article-title":"Emergence of <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic>\u2013Pacific Northwest, 2004\u20132010.","volume":"59","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2006.10.002","article-title":"Immune dysfunction in HIV-seronegative, <italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> meningitis.","volume":"54","author":"AE Brouwer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12980","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902963106","article-title":"The fatal fungal outbreak on Vancouver Island is characterized by enhanced intracellular parasitism driven by mitochondrial regulation.","volume":"106","author":"H Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3450","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00297-09","article-title":"Cytokine signaling regulates the outcome of intracellular macrophage parasitism by <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic>.","volume":"77","author":"K Voelz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1111.040875","article-title":"<italic>Cryptococcus gattii<\/italic> in AIDS patients, southern California.","volume":"11","author":"S Chaturvedi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Population genetics of <italic>Cryptococcus<\/italic>.","author":"W Meyer","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"11","article-title":"Genotyping of the <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans\/C. gattii<\/italic> species complex.","volume":"41","author":"W Meyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Australian Biochemist"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm092","article-title":"<italic>MEGA4<\/italic>: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0.","volume":"24","author":"K Tamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5341","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00845-10","article-title":"Interleukin-17 is not required for classical macrophage activation in a pulmonary mouse model of <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/italic> infection.","volume":"78","author":"SE Hardison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Immun"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0028625","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]],"date-time":"2020-06-28T21:02:43Z","timestamp":1593378163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0028625"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Joy","family":"Sturtevant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,14]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0028625","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,14]]}}}