{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:55:34Z","timestamp":1785905734399,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]],"date-time":"2012-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325808000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]],"date-time":"2012-01-06T22:02:13Z","timestamp":1325887333000},"page":"e29308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Noisy Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation Promotes GABA Release in the Substantia Nigra and Improves Locomotion in Hemiparkinsonian Rats"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ghazaleh","family":"Samoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Nissbrandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayank B.","family":"Dutia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Bergquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20115","article-title":"Falls and freezing of gait in Parkinson&apos;s disease: a review of two interconnected, episodic phenomena.","volume":"19","author":"BR Bloem","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphys.2010.04.027","article-title":"How does stochastic resonance work within the human brain? - Psychophysics of internal and external noise.","volume":"375","author":"T Aihara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chemical Physics"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2007.09-06-339","article-title":"Implications of noise and neural heterogeneity for vestibulo-ocular reflex fidelity.","volume":"20","author":"TM Hospedales","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2005.06.015","article-title":"A neurocomputational model of stochastic resonance and aging.","volume":"69","author":"SC Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000348","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000348","article-title":"What is stochastic resonance? Definitions, misconceptions, debates, and its relevance to biology.","volume":"5","author":"MD McDonnell","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/10.16447","article-title":"Studies with spike initiators: linearization by noise allows continuous signal modulation in neural networks.","volume":"36","author":"XL Yu","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05735.x","article-title":"Noise-improved signal detection in cat primary visual cortex via a well-balanced stochastic resonance-like procedure.","volume":"26","author":"K Funke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2005.01533.x","article-title":"Touch noise increases vibrotactile sensitivity in old and young.","volume":"16","author":"C Wells","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"251","article-title":"Human hearing enhanced by noise.","volume":"869","author":"FG Zeng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/383770a0","article-title":"Noise-enhanced tactile sensation.","volume":"383","author":"JJ Collins","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Noise","author":"B Kosko","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2010.00141","article-title":"Modulation of memory by vestibular lesions and galvanic vestibular stimulation.","volume":"1","author":"PF Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L11-16","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007974","article-title":"Stochastic resonance in the speed of memory retrieval.","volume":"83","author":"M Usher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617705051076","article-title":"Improvement of a face perception deficit via subsensory galvanic vestibular stimulation.","volume":"11","author":"D Wilkinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1463-0","article-title":"Galvanic vestibular stimulation speeds visual memory recall.","volume":"189","author":"D Wilkinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1348\/174866409X468205","article-title":"Improvement of a figure copying deficit during subsensory galvanic vestibular stimulation.","volume":"4","author":"D Wilkinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.5.2699","article-title":"Functional MRI of galvanic vestibular stimulation.","volume":"80","author":"E Lobel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.171256","article-title":"Determining the direction of vestibular-evoked balance responses using stochastic vestibular stimulation.","volume":"587","author":"OS Mian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20574","article-title":"Noisy vestibular stimulation improves autonomic and motor responsiveness in central neurodegenerative disorders.","volume":"58","author":"Y Yamamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050623","article-title":"The effects of stochastic galvanic vestibular stimulation on human postural sway.","volume":"124","author":"AE Pavlik","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2003-122-303","article-title":"The effects of stochastic monopolar galvanic vestibular stimulation on human postural sway.","volume":"12","author":"AP Scinicariello","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2633-z","article-title":"Improving balance function using vestibular stochastic resonance: optimizing stimulus characteristics.","volume":"210","author":"AP Mulavara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007991","article-title":"Enhancing human balance control with galvanic vestibular stimulation.","volume":"84","author":"AP Scinicariello","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0950-3","article-title":"Improvement of motor functions by noisy vestibular stimulation in central neurodegenerative disorders.","volume":"255","author":"W Pan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2009-0360","article-title":"Stochastic galvanic vestibular stimulation produces a small reduction in sway in Parkinson&apos;s disease.","volume":"19","author":"S Pal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vestib Res"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.4.1047","article-title":"Stimulus-dependent dopamine release in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"114","author":"S Sikstr\u00f6m","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2074-6","article-title":"Noise benefit in prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex.","volume":"214","author":"E P\u00e5lsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04953.x","article-title":"Partial depletion of dopamine in substantia nigra impairs motor performance without altering striatal dopamine neurotransmission.","volume":"24","author":"D Andersson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)02555-1","article-title":"Somatodendritic dopamine release in rat substantia nigra influences motor performance on the accelerating rod.","volume":"973","author":"F Bergquist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.146","article-title":"Dopamine release in the human striatum: motor and cognitive tasks revisited.","volume":"29","author":"JM Lappin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S194-198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2008.04.030","article-title":"Experimental studies of pedunculopontine functions: are they motor, sensory or integrative?","volume":"14","author":"P Winn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Rel Disord"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.11.011","article-title":"Motor activity-induced dopamine release in the substantia nigra is regulated by muscarinic receptors.","volume":"221","author":"DR Andersson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4441","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.155291","article-title":"Role of the commissural inhibitory system in vestibular compensation in the rat.","volume":"586","author":"F Bergquist","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06556.x","article-title":"L-DOPA-induced dopamine efflux in the striatum and the substantia nigra in a rat model of Parkinson&apos;s disease: temporal and quantitative relationship to the expression of dyskinesia.","volume":"112","author":"HS Lindgren","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.133264","article-title":"Frequency response of human vestibular reflexes characterized by stochastic stimuli.","volume":"583","author":"CJ Dakin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200210280-00004","article-title":"Noise-enhanced balance control in older adults.","volume":"13","author":"DC Gravelle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20670","article-title":"Noise-enhanced balance control in patients with diabetes and patients with stroke.","volume":"59","author":"AA Priplata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.01.030","article-title":"Effects of auditory noise on the psychophysical detection of visual signals: cross-modal stochastic resonance.","volume":"415","author":"E Manjarrez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci lett"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.12.030","article-title":"Somatotopic organization in the internal segment of the globus pallidus in Parkinson&apos;s disease.","volume":"222","author":"KB Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20776","article-title":"Evolution of Parkinson&apos;s disease during 4 years of bilateral deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus.","volume":"21","author":"K Ostergaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.07.008","article-title":"Predictive factors affecting early deterioration of axial symptoms after subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson&apos;s disease.","volume":"16","author":"A Umemura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Rel Disord"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199711)27:3<242::AID-SYN9>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Brain microdialysis of GABA and glutamate: what does it signify?","volume":"27","author":"W Timmerman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.1.20","article-title":"Circuits and Circuit Disorders of the Basal Ganglia.","volume":"64","author":"MR DeLong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09159","article-title":"Regulation of parkinsonian motor behaviours by optogenetic control of basal ganglia circuitry.","volume":"466","author":"AV Kravitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00296.x","article-title":"Effects of high frequency stimulation of subthalamic nucleus on extracellular glutamate and GABA in substantia nigra and globus pallidus in the normal rat.","volume":"12","author":"F Windels","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Fourth Edition","author":"G Paxinos","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.70041532.x","article-title":"Effects of local administration of L-, N-, and P\/Q-type calcium channel blockers on spontaneous dopamine release in the striatum and the substantia nigra: a microdialysis study in rat.","volume":"70","author":"F Bergquist","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8452","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000496107","article-title":"The basal ganglia communicate with the cerebellum.","volume":"107","author":"AC Bostan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1544","article-title":"The cerebellum communicates with the basal ganglia.","volume":"8","author":"E Hoshi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0029308","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,25]],"date-time":"2021-12-25T10:52:08Z","timestamp":1640429528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0029308"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mathias","family":"Toft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0029308","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]]}}}