{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T23:52:12Z","timestamp":1792540332472,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,24]],"date-time":"2012-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1327363200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,24]],"date-time":"2012-01-24T17:03:04Z","timestamp":1327424584000},"page":"e30548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Pre-Vaccination Nasopharyngeal Pneumococcal Carriage in a Nigerian Population: Epidemiology and Population Biology"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ifedayo M. O.","family":"Adetifa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christy A. N.","family":"Okoromah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinelo","family":"Ebruke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Inem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Nsekpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoulie","family":"Bojang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Adegbola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60549-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis.","volume":"375","author":"RE Black","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60703-9","article-title":"Neonatal, postneonatal, childhood, and under-5 mortality for 187 countries, 1970\u20132010: a systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 4.","volume":"375","author":"JK Rajaratnam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.048769","article-title":"Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia.","volume":"86","author":"I Rudan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Pneumonia: the forgotten killer of children","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2007.02.005","article-title":"Interpretation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-specific IFN-gamma release assays (T-SPOT.TB) and factors that may modulate test results.","volume":"55","author":"K Dheda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000348","article-title":"Systematic evaluation of serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease among children under five: the pneumococcal global serotype project.","volume":"7","author":"HL Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)00938-7","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease.","volume":"4","author":"D Bogaert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199509000-00005","article-title":"Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in acute otitis media: risk factors, susceptibility patterns and antimicrobial management.","volume":"14","author":"SL Block","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199608000-00006","article-title":"Colonization with penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae in urban and rural child-care centers.","volume":"15","author":"DJ Boken","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1086\/516477","article-title":"Relationship between nasopharyngeal colonization and the development of otitis media in children. Tonawanda\/Williamsville Pediatrics.","volume":"175","author":"H Faden","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.6.923","article-title":"Epidemiologic studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants: acquisition, carriage, and infection during the first 24 months of life.","volume":"142","author":"BM Gray","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1179\/146532806X120273","article-title":"Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage and patterns of penicillin resistance in young children in Fiji.","volume":"26","author":"FM Russell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1086\/319605","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage prevalence, serotype distribution, and resistance patterns among children on Lombok Island, Indonesia.","volume":"32","author":"S Soewignjo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1086\/506941","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Gambian villagers.","volume":"43","author":"PC Hill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1086\/522984","article-title":"Pneumococcal carriage among indigenous Warao children in Venezuela: serotypes, susceptibility patterns, and molecular epidemiology.","volume":"45","author":"IA Rivera-Olivero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000253059.84602.c3","article-title":"Increased antimicrobial resistance among nonvaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the pediatric population after the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine in the United States.","volume":"26","author":"DJ Farrell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"10","article-title":"The burden of respiratory disease in Nigeria.","author":"MO Akanbi","year":"2009","journal-title":"African Journal of Respiratory Medicine"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"World Health Statistics,Geneva.","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(82)91772-8","article-title":"Pneumococcal serotypes, epidemiological factors and vaccine strategy in Nigerian patients.","volume":"5","author":"GC Onyemelukwe","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Infection"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.52.12.925","article-title":"Diagnosis of acute bacterial pneumonia in Nigerian children. Value of needle aspiration of lung of countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis.","volume":"52","author":"M Silverman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"16","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage rates among infants in Owerri, Nigeria.","author":"NC Nwachukwu","year":"2008","journal-title":"African Journal of Respiratory Medicine September"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S190","DOI":"10.1086\/596500","article-title":"Invasive pneumococcal disease in children aged <5 years admitted to 3 urban hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria.","volume":"48","author":"AG Falade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200302000-00010","article-title":"Report from a WHO Working Group: standard method for detecting upper respiratory carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae.","volume":"22","author":"K O'Brien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.3.1021-1024.2001","article-title":"Evaluation of a medium (STGG) for transport and optimal recovery of Streptococcus pneumoniae from nasopharyngeal secretions collected during field studies.","volume":"39","author":"KL O'Brien","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-81","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of pneumococci obtained from Gambian children aged 2\u201329 months with invasive pneumococcal disease during a trial of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.","volume":"8","author":"M Antonio","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00410-10","article-title":"Serotype-specific typing antisera for pneumococcal serogroup 6 serotypes 6A, 6B, and 6C.","volume":"48","author":"N Melnick","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref27"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1086\/652443","article-title":"Transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae in rural Gambian villages: a longitudinal study.","volume":"50","author":"PC Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref29"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"111","article-title":"Socio-economic and Cultural Background of Hospitalised Children in Ilesha.","volume":"12","author":"GA Oyedeji","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nig J Paediatr"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000178072.83531.4f","article-title":"Pneumococcal acute otitis media in relation to pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage.","volume":"24","author":"RK Syrjanen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199906000-00008","article-title":"Risk factors for carriage of respiratory pathogens in the nasopharynx of healthy children.","volume":"18","author":"N Principi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.5.365","article-title":"Low dosage and long treatment duration of beta-lactam: risk factors for carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.","volume":"279","author":"D Guillemot","year":"1998","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0805.010235","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy children: implications for the use of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.","volume":"8","author":"P Marchisio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199611000-00011","article-title":"Risk factors for nasopharyngeal carriage of resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and detection of a multiply resistant clone among children living in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region of Alaska.","volume":"15","author":"XT Ussery","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01379.x","article-title":"High nasopharyngeal carriage of drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in North Indian schoolchildren.","volume":"10","author":"A Jain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000069787.33960.d6","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonizing rural Malawian children.","volume":"22","author":"DR Feikin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1086\/528688","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Gambian infants: a longitudinal study.","volume":"46","author":"PC Hill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"217","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae: epidemiology and risk factors, evolution of antimicrobial resistance, and impact of vaccines.","volume":"16","author":"JP Lynch 3rd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70083-9","article-title":"Epidemiological differences among pneumococcal serotypes.","volume":"5","author":"WP Hausdorff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01652.x","article-title":"Serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in The Gambia 1996\u20132003.","volume":"11","author":"RA Adegbola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001107","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001107","article-title":"Effects of Community-Wide Vaccination with PCV-7 on Pneumococcal Nasopharyngeal Carriage in The Gambia: A Cluster-Randomized Trial.","volume":"8","author":"A Roca","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3109\/00365540903490000","article-title":"Invasive disease and paediatric carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Ghana.","volume":"42","author":"ES Donkor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4194","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.9.4194-4216.2003","article-title":"Clonal distribution of invasive pneumococcal isolates from children and selected adults in the United States prior to 7-valent conjugate vaccine introduction.","volume":"41","author":"RE Gertz Jr","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1086\/506940","article-title":"Epidemiological and molecular characteristics of a highly lethal pneumococcal meningitis epidemic in Burkina Faso.","volume":"43","author":"S Yaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1086\/431151","article-title":"An outbreak of serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis in northern Ghana with features that are characteristic of Neisseria meningitidis meningitis epidemics.","volume":"192","author":"J Leimkugel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.3.443","article-title":"Decrease of invasive pneumococcal infections in children among 8 children's hospitals in the United States after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.","volume":"113","author":"SL Kaplan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e408","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2338","article-title":"Post-PCV7 changes in colonizing pneumococcal serotypes in 16 Massachusetts communities, 2001 and 2004.","volume":"116","author":"SS Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses.","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5582","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5582-5587.2003","article-title":"Comparison of antibiotic resistance and serotype composition of carriage and invasive pneumococci among Bangladeshi children: implications for treatment policy and vaccine formulation.","volume":"41","author":"SK Saha","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00345-9","article-title":"High prevalence of carriage of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in children in Kampala Uganda.","volume":"17","author":"ML Joloba","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00737-0","article-title":"Effect of pneumonia case management on mortality in neonates, infants, and preschool children: a meta-analysis of community-based trials.","volume":"3","author":"S Sazawal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S147","DOI":"10.1086\/596494","article-title":"Report on invasive disease and meningitis due to Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumonia from the Network for Surveillance of Pneumococcal Disease in the East African Region.","volume":"48","author":"S Mudhune","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1086\/500935","article-title":"The contribution of smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae carriage in children and their mothers.","volume":"42","author":"D Greenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1086\/339525","article-title":"Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae after administration of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to toddlers attending day care centers.","volume":"185","author":"R Dagan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0030548","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T19:19:33Z","timestamp":1540322373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0030548"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Linda","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,24]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0030548","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,24]]}}}