{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T17:03:55Z","timestamp":1792256635610,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,8]],"date-time":"2012-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328659200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,8]],"date-time":"2012-02-08T17:05:00Z","timestamp":1328720700000},"page":"e31014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Cognitive and Psychological Reactions of the General Population Three Months After the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Yasushi","family":"Kyutoku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoko","family":"Tada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiko","family":"Umeyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senichiro","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiju","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Liegey-Dougall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ippeita","family":"Dan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Magnitude 9.0 - near the east coast of Honsyu, Japan.","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.65.3.207.20173","article-title":"60,000 Disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981\u20132001.","volume":"65","author":"FH Norrris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.01.002","article-title":"Follow-up of victims of one terrorist attack in Israel: ASD, PTSD and the perceived threat of Iraqi missile attacks.","volume":"40","author":"I Kutz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pers Indiv Differ"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.07.005","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-science review.","volume":"40","author":"CB Nemeroff","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.01.008","article-title":"Exploration of a cognitive model to predict post-traumatic stress symptoms following childbirth.","volume":"24","author":"E Ford","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2008.10.026","article-title":"Cognitive appraisals and physical health in people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).","volume":"72","author":"T Karatzias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-003-0619-2","article-title":"Prevalence of psychiatric disorder following the 1988 Yun Nan (China) earthquake.","volume":"38","author":"H Cao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2001.00895.x","article-title":"The Chinese version of the Davidson Trauma Scale: a practice test for validation.","volume":"55","author":"C Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838003004003001","article-title":"A review of the history of traumatic stress studies in Japan: from traumatic neurosis to PTSD.","volume":"4","author":"T Goto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2003.01203.x","article-title":"Natural disaster and mental health in Asia.","volume":"58","author":"M Kokai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiaty Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370605100603","article-title":"An epidemiologic study of posttraumatic stress disorder in flood victims in Hunan China.","volume":"51","author":"A Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2009.09.017","article-title":"Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in Sichuan Province, China after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.","volume":"123","author":"P Kun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2002.35900","article-title":"Does subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder have any clinical relevance?","volume":"43","author":"C Zlotnick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.65.3.240.20169","article-title":"60,000 Disaster victims speak: part II. summary and implicatoin s of the disaster mental health research.","volume":"65","author":"F Norris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Cataclysms, crises, and catastrophes: Psychology in action","author":"A Baum","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa013404","article-title":"Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City.","volume":"346","author":"S Galea","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2007.00299.x","article-title":"Evaluating resource gain: understanding and misunderstanding posttraumatic growth.","volume":"56","author":"RG Tedeschi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Psychol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.09.006","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth in cancer: reality or illusion?","volume":"29","author":"EC Sumalla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2010.08.010","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth: a novel concept in oral cavity cancer care?","volume":"46","author":"RK Rajandram","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/34.2.87","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress and growth: the contribution of cognitive appraisal and sense of belonging to the country.","volume":"34","author":"R Dekel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Soc Work"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.01.008","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology \u2014 a critical review and introduction of a two component model.","volume":"26","author":"T Zoellner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0759-4-7","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress disorder and resilience of motor vehicle accident survivors.","volume":"4","author":"D Nishi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc Med"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"138","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth after cancer.","author":"A Stanton","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.03.034","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic growth among adult survivors one year following 2008 Sichuan earthquake.","volume":"133","author":"J Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.40.7.770","article-title":"Stress and adaptational outcomes: the problem of confounded measures.","volume":"40","author":"RS Lazarus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2004.06.009","article-title":"Coping with chronic pain.","volume":"42","author":"E Dysvik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327558IJBM0902_04","article-title":"Perceived work stress, overcommitment, and self-reported musculoskeletal pain: a cross-sectional investigation.","volume":"9","author":"L Joksimovic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S1526-5900(03)00630-8","article-title":"The relationship between cognitive appraisal, affect, and catastrophizing in patients with chronic pain.","volume":"4","author":"DA Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199903000-00006","article-title":"Does gender affect appraisal of pain and pain coping strategies?","volume":"15","author":"AR Unruh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00242-0","article-title":"Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art.","volume":"85","author":"J Vlaeyen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1017\/S135246580001585X","article-title":"Maintenance of intrusive memories in posttraumatic stress disorder: a cognitive approach.","volume":"23","author":"A Ehlers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.03.005","article-title":"Quality of life and anxiety and depressive disorder comorbidity.","volume":"22","author":"MM Norberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-5-26","article-title":"The predictive value of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms for quality of life: a longitudinal study of physically injured victims of non-domestic violence.","volume":"5","author":"VA Johansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.10.004","article-title":"Three-year follow-up study of the relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms and quality of life among earthquake survivors in Yu-Chi, Taiwan.","volume":"41","author":"K Tsai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.01.010","article-title":"Relative impact of Axis I mental disorders on quality of life among adults in the community.","volume":"131","author":"B Guan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000327580.91345.78","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder explains reduced quality of life in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients in both the short and long term.","volume":"63","author":"AJ Noble","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.1313","article-title":"The interaction of post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress symptoms in predicting depressive symptoms and quality of life.","volume":"17","author":"EF Morrill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2007.02.010","article-title":"Contribution to the construct validity of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire from a population-based survey.","volume":"63","author":"RD Kocalevent","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.01.002","article-title":"Assessment of positive functioning in clinical psychology: Theoretical and practical issues.","volume":"30","author":"S Joseph","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2000.00732.x","article-title":"Post-earthquake quality of life and psychological well-being: Longitudinal evaluation in a rural community sample in northern China.","volume":"54","author":"X Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2010.01530.x","article-title":"The role of emotions in risk communication.","volume":"31","author":"XF Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90152-3","article-title":"Communicating probabilistic information to cancer patients: is there \u2018noise\u2019 on the line?","volume":"32","author":"HJ Sutherland","year":"1991","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197905000-00004","article-title":"Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress.","volume":"41","author":"M Horrowitz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200203000-00006","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the impact of event scale-revised (IES-R-J): four studies of different traumatic events.","volume":"190","author":"N Asukai","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.68.1.28.64188","article-title":"Media exposure to bioterrorism: stress and the anthrax attacks.","volume":"68","author":"A Dougall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"WHOQoL Study Protocol","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"WHOQOL 26 Manual Revised","author":"M Tazaki","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress.","volume":"24","author":"S Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"459","article-title":"The development of the Japanese version for the Perceived Stress Scale.","volume":"42","author":"S Iwahasi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Jpn J Pyschosom Med"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm0502_6","article-title":"Health-related behaviors, social support, and community morale.","volume":"5","author":"A Tsutsumi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490090305","article-title":"The posttraumatic growth inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma.","volume":"9","author":"RG Tedeschi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800701295007","article-title":"Examining posttraumatic growth among Japanese university students.","volume":"20","author":"K Taku","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-240X(199802)21:1<73::AID-NUR8>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"The Cognitive Appraisal of Health Scale: development and psychometric evaluation.","volume":"21","author":"TA Kessler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"Hospital anxiety and depression scale.","volume":"67","author":"AS Zigmond","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Psychitr Scand"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"309","article-title":"A validatoin of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.","volume":"38","author":"H Hatta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Jpn J Psychosom Med"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Using multivariate statistics","author":"B Tabachnik","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Advanced and multivariate statistical methods (3rd ed.)","author":"C Mertler","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","article-title":"Comparative fit indexes in structural models.","volume":"107","author":"P Bentler","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8317.1989.tb00912.x","article-title":"A general coefficient of determination for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation.","volume":"42","author":"J Tanaka","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Math Stat Psychol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294359","article-title":"Factor analysis and AIC.","volume":"52","author":"H Akaike","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294361","article-title":"Model selection and Akaike&apos;s information criteria (AIC): the general theory and its analytical extensions.","volume":"52","author":"H Bozdogen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxi003","article-title":"The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters.","volume":"27","author":"S Galea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"Psychometric theory (3rd Ed.)","author":"J Nunnally","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/11889-000","article-title":"Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in special populations: a cognitive restructuring program","author":"KT Mueser","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(03)00033-3","article-title":"Psychological theories of posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"23","author":"CR Brewin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2008.10.011","article-title":"The importance of teaching and learning resilience in the health disciplines: a critical review of the literature.","volume":"29","author":"M McAllister","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"40","article-title":"Strong in mind and body.","volume":"40","author":"A Novotney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Monitor Psychol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000110286.10445.ab","article-title":"Early symptom predictors of chronic distress in Gulf War veterans.","volume":"192","author":"KE Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/15325020903375826","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth and depreciation as independent experiences and predictors of well-being.","volume":"15","author":"A Cann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Loss Trauma"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.09.019","article-title":"Posttraumatic growth and reduced suicidal ideation among adolescents at month 1 after the Sichuan Earthquake.","volume":"123","author":"XN Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"1","article-title":"The foundations of posttraumatic growth: an expanded framework.","author":"LG Calhoun","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018301","article-title":"Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making its effects on adjustment to stressful life events.","volume":"136","author":"CL Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.65.5.733","article-title":"Perceived benefit and mental health after three types of disaster.","volume":"65","author":"JC McMillen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.01.019","article-title":"Biases in internet sexual health samples: comparison of an internet sexuality survey and a national sexual health survey in Sweden.","volume":"61","author":"MW Ross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"White paper 2011, Information and Communication in Japan.","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"44","article-title":"Higashinihon daishinsai ni okeru jyohotsushin bunya no omona torikumi (Major efforts of information and communication fields regarding the Great East Japan Earthquake).","volume":"317","author":"J Setoyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rippo to Chosa (legislation and investigation)"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0031014","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,23]],"date-time":"2019-06-23T06:32:51Z","timestamp":1561271571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0031014"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kenji","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,8]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0031014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,8]]}}}