{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T12:06:37Z","timestamp":1785153997303,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,16]],"date-time":"2012-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1331856000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,16]],"date-time":"2012-03-16T17:19:55Z","timestamp":1331918395000},"page":"e33459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The Phrenic Component of Acute Schizophrenia \u2013 A Name and Its Physiological Reality"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Karl-J\u00fcrgen","family":"B\u00e4r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Rachow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Bassarab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Haufe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandy","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2190\/PM.38.1.j","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among inpatients with schizophrenia.","volume":"38","author":"O Boke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.02.007","article-title":"Schizophrenia and increased risks of cardiovascular disease.","volume":"150","author":"CH Hennekens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1080\/08039480801959323","article-title":"Schizophrenia and sudden cardiac death: a review.","volume":"62","author":"H Koponen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.12.026","article-title":"Heart rate variability response to mental arithmetic stress is abnormal in first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia.","volume":"109","author":"MN Castro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp024","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction in unaffected first-degree relatives of patients suffering from schizophrenia.","volume":"36","author":"KJ B\u00e4r","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.01.009","article-title":"Reduced cardio-respiratory coupling indicates suppression of vagal activity in healthy relatives of patients with schizophrenia.","volume":"34","author":"S Berger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)90795-8","article-title":"Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction.","volume":"59","author":"RE Kleiger","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.3.480","article-title":"Dysregulation of arousal and amygdala-prefrontal systems in paranoid schizophrenia.","volume":"161","author":"LM Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00811.2006","article-title":"Decreased baroreflex sensitivity in acute schizophrenia.","volume":"102","author":"KJ B\u00e4r","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.06.012","article-title":"The interaction between pupil function and cardiovascular regulation in patients with acute schizophrenia.","volume":"119","author":"KJ B\u00e4r","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.07.013","article-title":"Gastric dysmotility in healthy first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia.","volume":"34","author":"S Berger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2008.042424","article-title":"Breathing rhythms and emotions.","volume":"93","author":"I Homma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80033-X","article-title":"The neuronal mechanisms of respiratory rhythm generation.","volume":"6","author":"JM Ramirez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(84)90012-2","article-title":"Subnuclear organization of the efferent connections of the parabrachial nucleus in the rat.","volume":"319","author":"CE Fulwiler","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.04.080","article-title":"Amygdaloid axon terminals are in contact with trigeminal premotor neurons in the parvicellular reticular formation of the rat medulla oblongata.","volume":"1016","author":"Y Yasui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.80.331.692","article-title":"Further studies in the respiration of psychotic patient.","volume":"80","author":"E Wittkower","year":"1934","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"The respiratory rhythm in normal and psychotic subjects.","volume":"16","author":"AS Paterson","year":"1935","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.03.042","article-title":"Cardio-respiratory coupling indicates suppression of vagal activity in acute schizophrenia.","volume":"112","author":"J Peupelmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders (SCID), clinical version.","author":"MB First","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/13.2.261","article-title":"The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.","volume":"13","author":"SR Kay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.05.014","article-title":"Study on the correlation of the autonomic nervous system responses to a stressor of high discomfort with personality traits.","volume":"82","author":"J LeBlanc","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Nonlinear relationship between electrodermal activity and heart rate variability in patients with acute schizophrenia.","author":"T Rachow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"133","article-title":"The LifeShirt: a multi-function ambulatory system monitoring health, disease, and medical intervention in the real world.","volume":"108","author":"P Grossman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445503256321","article-title":"The lifeShirt. An advanced system for ambulatory measurement of respiratory and cardiac function.","volume":"27","author":"FH Wilhelm","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav Modif"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.4.910","article-title":"Evaluation of respiratory inductive plethysmography: accuracy for analysis of respiratory waveforms.","volume":"111","author":"PY Carry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.66.1.410","article-title":"Calibration of respiratory inductive plethysmograph during natural breathing.","volume":"66","author":"MA Sackner","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1967.22.3.407","article-title":"Measurement of the separate volume changes of rib cage and abdomen during breathing.","volume":"22","author":"K Konno","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199105233242101","article-title":"A prospective study of indexes predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation.","volume":"324","author":"KL Yang","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043","article-title":"Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.","volume":"93","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02335.x","article-title":"Paced respiratory sinus arrhythmia as an index of cardiac parasympathetic tone during varying behavioral tasks.","volume":"27","author":"P Grossman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1990.tb03198.x","article-title":"A comparison of three quantification methods for estimation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia.","volume":"27","author":"P Grossman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"H142","article-title":"Transfer function analysis of autonomic regulation. I. Canine atrial rate response.","volume":"256","author":"RD Berger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1993.tb01731.x","article-title":"Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: autonomic origins, physiological mechanisms, and psychophysiological implications.","volume":"30","author":"GG Berntson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1633859","article-title":"Forecasting of life threatening arrhythmias using the compression entropy of heart rate.","volume":"43","author":"M Baumert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Methods Inf Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2008.0232","article-title":"Methods derived from nonlinear dynamics for analysing heart rate variability.","volume":"367","author":"A Voss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2010.00358.x","article-title":"Influence of age on linear and nonlinear measures of autonomic cardiovascular modulation.","volume":"15","author":"MK Boettger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02348131","article-title":"Joint symbolic dynamic analysis of beat-to-beat interactions of heart rate and systolic blood pressure in normal pregnancy.","volume":"40","author":"M Baumert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-010-0027-1","article-title":"Symbolic dynamic analysis of relations between cardiac and breathing cycles in patients on weaning trials.","volume":"38","author":"P Caminal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Quantification of Cardiorespiratory Interactions Based on Joint Symbolic Dynamics.","author":"MM Kabir","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s004220050549","article-title":"Conditional entropy approach for the evaluation of the coupling strength.","volume":"81","author":"A Porta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02344774","article-title":"Information domain analysis of cardiovascular variability signals: evaluation of regularity, synchronisation and co-ordination.","volume":"38","author":"A Porta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1103297","article-title":"[Development of the \u201cMannheim Multicomponent Stress Test\u201d (MMST)].","volume":"60","author":"T Kolotylova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2008.0440","article-title":"Immediate effect of slow pace bhastrika pranayama on blood pressure and heart rate.","volume":"15","author":"T Pramanik","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1159\/000066388","article-title":"Nonlinear measures of respiration: respiratory irregularity and increased chaos of respiration in patients with panic disorder.","volume":"46","author":"VK Yeragani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.011","article-title":"Panic disorder and control of breathing.","volume":"167","author":"AE Nardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(97)00050-9","article-title":"Brain, breathing and breathlessness.","volume":"109","author":"A Guz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1996.sp003911","article-title":"Behavioural and arousal-related influences on breathing in humans.","volume":"81","author":"SA Shea","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.8.2104100","article-title":"Influence of chemoreflexes on respiratory variability in healthy subjects.","volume":"165","author":"JG Van den Aardweg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.10.034","article-title":"Modulation of spontaneous fMRI activity in human visual cortex by behavioral state.","volume":"45","author":"M Bianciardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.04.021","article-title":"Relationship between cardiovagal modulation and psychotic state in patients with paranoid schizophrenia.","volume":"157","author":"KJ B\u00e4r","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2004.11.004","article-title":"Physiological responsivity to emotional pictures in schizophrenia.","volume":"39","author":"RJ Hempel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.10.007","article-title":"Paternal age related schizophrenia and cardiac autonomic regulation profiles.","volume":"127","author":"D Antonius","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00161-8","article-title":"Diminished cardiac vagal tone in schizophrenia: associations to brain laterality and age of onset.","volume":"41","author":"D Malaspina","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1159\/000082850","article-title":"Nonlinear complexity and spectral analyses of heart rate variability in medicated and unmedicated patients with schizophrenia.","volume":"51","author":"LR Mujica-Parodi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"393","article-title":"Cardiac risk and schizophrenia.","volume":"30","author":"R Jindal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.04.017","article-title":"Changes in heart rate dynamics of patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone.","volume":"34","author":"JS Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(98)00047-6","article-title":"The influence of psychotic states on the autonomic nervous system in schizophrenia.","volume":"31","author":"M Toichi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.06.012","article-title":"Non-linear complexity measures of heart rate variability in acute schizophrenia.","volume":"118","author":"KJ B\u00e4r","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1515\/BMT.2006.045","article-title":"Differences between heart rate and blood pressure variability in schizophrenia.","volume":"51","author":"KJ B\u00e4r","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed Tech (Berl)"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.05.034","article-title":"Acute psychosis leads to increased QT variability in patients suffering from schizophrenia.","volume":"95","author":"KJ B\u00e4r","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2004.12.007","article-title":"Loss of efferent vagal activity in acute schizophrenia.","volume":"39","author":"KJ B\u00e4r","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000088901.24613.b8","article-title":"Influences of an anticholinergic antiparkinsonian drug, parkinsonism, and psychotic symptoms on cardiac autonomic function in schizophrenia.","volume":"23","author":"T Okada","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.02.004","article-title":"Opioidergic and dopaminergic modulation of respiration.","volume":"164","author":"PM Lalley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(99)00020-X","article-title":"CNS innervation of vagal preganglionic neurons controlling peripheral airways: a transneuronal labeling study using pseudorabies virus.","volume":"76","author":"S Hadziefendic","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Auton Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.10.023","article-title":"How often is diagnosis of COPD confirmed with spirometry?","volume":"104","author":"M Arne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir Med"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0033459","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T10:21:18Z","timestamp":1561458078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0033459"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Xiang Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,16]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0033459","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,16]]}}}