{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:03:47Z","timestamp":1793113427555,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,30]],"date-time":"2012-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335744000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avian paramyxovirus (APMV) serotypes 1\u20139 have been isolated from many different avian species. APMV-1 (Newcastle disease virus) is the only well-characterized serotype, because of the high morbidity, mortality, and economic loss caused by highly virulent strains. Very little is known about the pathogenesis, replication, virulence, and tropism of the other APMV serotypes. Here, this was evaluated for prototypes strains of APMV serotypes 2\u20139 in cell culture and in chickens and ducks. In cell culture, only APMV-1, -3 and -5 induced syncytium formation. In chicken DF1 cells, APMV-3 replicated with an efficiency approaching that of APMV-1, while APMV-2 and -5 replicated to lower, intermediate titers and the others were much lower. Mean death time (MDT) assay in chicken eggs and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) test in 1-day-old SPF chicks demonstrated that APMV types 2\u20139 were avirulent. Evaluation of replication in primary neuronal cells <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> as well as in the brains of 1-day-old chicks showed that, among types 2\u20139, only APMV-3 was neurotropic, although this virus was not neurovirulent. Following intranasal infection of 1-day-old and 2-week-old chickens, replication of APMV types 2\u20139 was mostly restricted to the respiratory tract, although APMV-3 was neuroinvasive and neurotropic (but not neurovirulent) and also was found in the spleen. Experimental intranasal infection of 3-week-old mallard ducks with the APMVs did not produce any clinical signs (even for APMV-1) and exhibited restricted viral replication of the APMVs (including APMV-1) to the upper respiratory tract regardless of their isolation source, indicating avirulence of APMV types 1\u20139 in mallard ducks. The link between the presence of a furin cleavage site in the F protein, syncytium formation, systemic spread, and virulence that has been well-established with APMV-1 pathotypes was not evident with the other APMV serotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,30]],"date-time":"2012-04-30T20:56:32Z","timestamp":1335819392000},"page":"e34927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Replication, Neurotropism, and Pathogenicity of Avian Paramyxovirus Serotypes 1\u20139 in Chickens and Ducks"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shin-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Shive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter L.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siba K.","family":"Samal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0034927-Lamb1","unstructured":"LambRParksG             2007             Paramyxoviridae: the viruses and their replication.             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(Ed.), Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed.","volume":"88\u201392","year":"2003","journal-title":"Iowa State University Press, Ames,"},{"key":"pone.0034927-Subbiah1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2008.05.012","article-title":"Complete sequence of the genome of avian paramyxovirus type 2 (strain Yucaipa) and comparison with other paramyxoviruses.","volume":"137","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"pone.0034927-Kumar1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2008.07.012","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of avian paramyxovirus type 3 reveals an unusually long trailer region.","volume":"137","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"pone.0034927-Nayak1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-5-124","article-title":"Molecular characterization and complete genome sequence of avian paramyxovirus type 4 prototype strain duck\/Hong 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PurchaseHGArpLHDomermuthCHPearsonJE             A laboratory manual for the isolation and identification of avian pathogens, 3rd ed             The American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kendall\/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, IA"},{"key":"pone.0034927-Samal1","unstructured":"SamalSK             2011             Newcastle disease and related avian paramyxoviruses.             p. 69\u2013114. In Samal SK, editor. The biology of paramyxoviruses. 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J Virol             doi:10.1128\/JVI.06765\u201311","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06765-11"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244178","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"retraction-watch","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607904000000},"record-id":"24834"},{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244178","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607904000000}}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0034927","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T17:38:01Z","timestamp":1607967481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0034927"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Binu T.","family":"Velayudhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,30]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0034927","relation":{"retraction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244178","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,30]]}}}