{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:39:03Z","timestamp":1793317143239,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T20:58:55Z","timestamp":1335905935000},"page":"e35547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Factors Influencing Adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment in Nepal: A Mixed-Methods Study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Sharada P.","family":"Wasti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padam","family":"Simkhada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Randall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer V.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin","family":"van Teijlingen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"357","article-title":"Adherence to protease inhibitors, HIV-1 viral load, and development of drug resistance in an indigent population.","volume":"14","author":"DR Bangsberg","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref2","first-page":"21","article-title":"Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection.","volume":"133","author":"DL Paterson","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Factsheet No.","author":"NCASC","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7370.914","article-title":"Managing chronic diseases in less developed countries.","volume":"325","author":"L Swartz","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref5","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to medication adherence in a southern minority population with HIV disease.","volume":"98\u2013104","author":"DJ Konkle-Parker","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"696","article-title":"Paradoxes of adherence and drug resistance to HIV antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"53","author":"DR Bangsberg","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"280","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy in Africa.","volume":"328","author":"W Stevens","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"e438","article-title":"Adherence to HAART: a systematic review of developed and developing nation patient-reported barriers and facilitators.","volume":"3","author":"E Mills","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"223","article-title":"Adherence-resistance relationships for protease and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors explained by virological fitness.","volume":"20","author":"DR Bangsberg","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"From access to adherence: the challenges of antiretroviral treatment: studies from Botswana, Tanzania and Uganda.","author":"A Hardon","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"S17","article-title":"The need for sociocultural awareness to maximize treatment acceptance and adherence in individuals initiating HIV therapy.","volume":"7","author":"S Willard","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"71","article-title":"Factors influencing adherence to antiretroviral treatment in Asian developing countries: a systematic review.","volume":"17","author":"SP Wasti","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Research methods in health: investigating health and health services.","author":"A Bowling","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"255","article-title":"Self-reported adherence to antiretroviral medications among participants in HIV clinical trials: the AACTG adherence instruments.","volume":"12","author":"MA Chesney","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1053","article-title":"Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adults in Soweto, South Africa.","volume":"20","author":"J Nachega","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"38","article-title":"Adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy in HIV+ Ugandan patients purchasing therapy.","volume":"16","author":"J Byakika-Tusiime","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Qualitative data analysis with NVivo.","author":"P Bazeley","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"40","article-title":"The analysis of qualitative research data in family planning and reproductive health care.","volume":"31","author":"K Forrest Keenan","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"33","article-title":"The importance of pilot studies.","volume":"16","author":"E van Teijlingen","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref21","author":"Bank World","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"1235","article-title":"Adherence to antiretroviral therapy and virologic suppression among HIV-infected persons receiving care in private clinics in Mumbai, India.","volume":"44","author":"B Shah","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"71","article-title":"Self-Reported adherence to antiretroviral treatment among HIV-infected people in Central China.","volume":"22","author":"H Wang","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"212","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy adherence among patients living with HIV\/AIDS in Thailand.","volume":"12","author":"L Li","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"S5","article-title":"Non-adherence among patients initiating antiretroviral therapy: a challenge for health professionals in Brazil.","volume":"19","author":"PF Bonolo","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Gender-related factors influencing medication and clinic visit adherence in HIV\/AIDS patients.","volume":"WePeB5856","author":"S Sorensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"The XIV International AIDS Conference Barcelona: Internationa AIDS Society"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"191","article-title":"Factors influencing adherence to antiretroviral medication in Ilorin, Nigeria.","volume":"9","author":"AK Salami","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"359","article-title":"Social stigma concerns and HIV medication adherence.","volume":"20","author":"LS Rintamaki","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Stigma of people with HIV\/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review.","volume":"2009","author":"NC Mbonu","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Understanding the access, demand and utilization of health services by rural women in Nepal and their constraints.","author":"Bank World","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"74","article-title":"Girl-trafficking, HIV\/AIDS, and the position of women in Nepal.","volume":"8","author":"P Poudel","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"142","article-title":"Vulnerability to HIV\/STIs among rural women from migrant communities in Nepal: A health and human rights framework.","volume":"11","author":"A Smith-Estelle","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"1665","article-title":"Potential factors affecting adherence with HIV therapy.","volume":"11","author":"S Mehta","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"490","article-title":"Defining organizational culture.","volume":"3","author":"EH Schein","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"37","article-title":"In what way do Nepalese cultural factors affect adherence to antiretroviral treatment in Nepal?","volume":"5","author":"SP Wasti","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"1486","article-title":"Belief in divine healing can be a barrier to antiretroviral therapy adherence in Uganda.","volume":"21","author":"J Wanyama","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"764","article-title":"Longitudinal antiretroviral adherence among adolescents infected with human immunodeficiency virus.","volume":"159","author":"DA Murphy","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"796","article-title":"Sustained antiretroviral treatment adherence in survivors of the pre-HAART era: attitudes and beliefs.","volume":"20","author":"CR Fumaz","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"448","article-title":"Factors associated with adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy in homeless or unstably housed adults living with HIV.","volume":"21","author":"SW Royal","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"180","article-title":"Alcohol use and antiretroviral adherence: review and meta-analysis.","volume":"52","author":"C Hendershot","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"28","article-title":"Adherence to antiretroviral therapy &amp; its determinants amongst HIV patients in India.","volume":"127","author":"A Sarna","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"14","article-title":"Does social support help limited-literacy patients with medication adherence?: A mixed methods study of patients in the Pharmacy Intervention for Limited Literacy (PILL) study.","volume":"79","author":"VR Johnson","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"82","article-title":"Determinants of heterogeneous adherence to HIV-antiretroviral therapies in the multicenter AIDS cohort study.","volume":"26","author":"CA Kleeberger","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"263","article-title":"Adherence practices among people living with HIV.","volume":"15","author":"BD Adam","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"8","article-title":"Adhering to complex regimens for HIV.","volume":"12","author":"JG Rabkin","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action.","author":"WHO","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"434","article-title":"Compliance in heart failure patients: the importance of knowledge and beliefs.","volume":"27","author":"MHL van der Wal","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"66","article-title":"The information-motivation-behavioral skills model of ART adherence in a deep south HIV+ clinic sample.","volume":"13","author":"KR Amico","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"217","article-title":"Barriers and successful strategies to antiretroviral adherence among HIV-infected monolingual Spanish-speaking patients.","volume":"15","author":"DA Murphy","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"357","article-title":"Food insecurity as a barrier to sustained antiretroviral therapy adherence in Uganda.","volume":"5","author":"SD Weiser","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"658","article-title":"Hunger, waiting time and transport costs: time to confront challenges to ART adherence in Africa.","volume":"19","author":"AP Hardon","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"904","article-title":"Barriers to access to antiretroviral treatment in developing countries: a review.","volume":"13","author":"M Posse","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"526","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to antiretroviral medication adherence among patients with HIV in Chennai, India: A qualitative study.","volume":"19","author":"N Kumarasamy","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"281","article-title":"Barriers to antiretroviral adherence for patients living with HIV infection and AIDS in Botswana.","volume":"34","author":"S Weiser","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"1882","article-title":"Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among a conflict-affected population in Northeastern Uganda: a qualitative study.","volume":"22","author":"P Olupot-Olupot","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"778","article-title":"Transportation costs impede sustained adherence and access to HAART in a clinic population in Southwestern Uganda: a qualitative study.","volume":"14","author":"DM Tuller","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"136","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to patients\\\u2019adherence to antiretroviral treatment in Zambia: a qualitative study.","volume":"5","author":"N Sanjobo","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"28","article-title":"Stigma and social barriers to medication adherence with urban youth living with HIV.","volume":"19","author":"D Rao","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"1757","article-title":"Social support and medication adherence in HIV disease in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.","volume":"45","author":"BP Ncama","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"1281","article-title":"Barriers to better care for people with AIDS in developing countries.","volume":"329","author":"AS Furber","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"46","article-title":"Limitations to access and use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV positive persons in Lagos, Nigeria.","volume":"8","author":"AK Adeneye","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Increasing access to essential obstetric care: a review of progress and process.","author":"D Thomas","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"Barriers to HIV treatment of women in Kinshasa, DRC.","author":"AP Alker","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"124","article-title":"Patterns, correlates, and barriers to medication adherence among persons prescribed new treatments for HIV disease.","volume":"19","author":"SL Catz","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"599","article-title":"Factors associated with non-adherence to long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy: A 10 year follow-up analysis with correction for the bias induced by missing data.","volume":"64","author":"C Protopopescu","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"191","article-title":"Reasons for discontinuation of first highly active antiretroviral therapy in a cohort of proteinase inhibitor-naive HIV-infected patients.","volume":"26","author":"A H\u00e4nsel","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"140","article-title":"A qualitative study of persons who are 100% adherent to antiretroviral therapy.","volume":"18","author":"MP Lewis","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"483","article-title":"The role of HIV serostatus disclosure in antiretroviral medication adherence.","volume":"10","author":"MJ Stirratt","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"1305","article-title":"We fear the police, and the police fear us: structural and individual barriers and facilitators to HIV medication adherence among injection drug users in Kiev, Ukraine.","volume":"22","author":"MJ Mimiaga","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"61","article-title":"Adherence to medication treatment: A qualitative study of facilitators and barriers among a diverse sample of HIV+ men and women in four US cities.","volume":"7","author":"RH Remien","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"207","article-title":"Social support and patient adherence to medical treatment: a meta-analysis.","volume":"23","author":"MR DiMatteo","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"1799","article-title":"Determinants of adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-1-infected patients in Cote d\u2019Ivoire. <italic>AIDS<\/italic>.","volume":"21","author":"S Diabat\u00e9","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"203","article-title":"Is the influence of social desirability on patients\u2019 self-reported adherence overrated?","volume":"35","author":"G Wagner","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"10","article-title":"Quality of life in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy is related to adherence.","volume":"17","author":"SB Mannheimer","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"301","article-title":"Four measures of antiretroviral medication adherence and virologic response in AIDS clinical trials group study 359.","volume":"40","author":"CV Fletcher","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"227","article-title":"Self-report measures of antiretroviral therapy adherence: a review with recommendations for HIV research and clinical management.","volume":"10","author":"JM Simoni","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0035547","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T16:45:37Z","timestamp":1589042737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0035547"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"William","family":"Cameron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0035547","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]]}}}