{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T17:02:17Z","timestamp":1793638937988,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,9]],"date-time":"2012-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1336521600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,9]],"date-time":"2012-05-09T16:56:26Z","timestamp":1336582586000},"page":"e36603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Late Onset Myasthenia Gravis Is Associated with HLA DRB1*15:01 in the Norwegian Population"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Angelina H.","family":"Maniaol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elsais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c5slaug R.","family":"Lorentzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jone F.","family":"Owe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marte K.","family":"Viken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanne","family":"S\u00e6ther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siri T.","family":"Fl\u00e5m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geir","family":"Br\u00e5then","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margitta T.","family":"Kampman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rune","family":"Midgard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marte","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rognerud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Kerty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils Erik","family":"Gilhus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal M. E.","family":"Tallaksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedicte A.","family":"Lie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanne F.","family":"Harbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1471","article-title":"A systematic review of population based epidemiological studies in Myasthenia Gravis.","author":"AS Carr","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(81)90014-7","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis.","volume":"83","author":"HJ Oosterhuis","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"497","article-title":"Studies in myasthenia gravis: review of a twenty-year experience in over 1200 patients.","volume":"38","author":"KE Osserman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.11.1054","article-title":"Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. Prevalence, clinical correlates, and diagnostic value.","volume":"26","author":"JM Lindstrom","year":"1976","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/85520","article-title":"Auto-antibodies to the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK in patients with myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibodies.","volume":"7","author":"W Hoch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00306-5","article-title":"Seronegative generalised myasthenia gravis: clinical features, antibodies, and their targets.","volume":"2","author":"A Vincent","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn092","article-title":"IgG1 antibodies to acetylcholine receptors in \u2018seronegative\u2019 myasthenia gravis.","volume":"131","author":"MI Leite","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70063-8","article-title":"Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity.","volume":"8","author":"MN Meriggioli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.1.25","article-title":"Late-onset myasthenia gravis: a changing scene.","volume":"56","author":"JA Aarli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000032502.89361.0C","article-title":"Thymoma in patients with MG: characteristics and long-term outcome.","volume":"59","author":"A Evoli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1254.055","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis in individuals over 40.","volume":"998","author":"JA Aarli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1405.040","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis in the elderly: Is it different?","volume":"1132","author":"JA Aarli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050604","article-title":"Muscle autoantibodies in subgroups of myasthenia gravis patients.","volume":"247","author":"F Romi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.6.885","article-title":"Anti-titin antibodies in myasthenia gravis: tight association with thymoma and heterogeneity of nonthymoma patients.","volume":"58","author":"AM Yamamoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2000.tb02635.x","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and prognosis of myasthenia gravis in older people.","volume":"48","author":"A Evoli","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-5428(94)00041-L","article-title":"Aetiological factors in development of myasthenia gravis.","volume":"4","author":"A Vincent","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1405.027","article-title":"Genetic factors in autoimmune myasthenia gravis.","volume":"1132","author":"M Giraud","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909307106","article-title":"Mapping of multiple susceptibility variants within the MHC region for 7 immune-mediated diseases.","volume":"106","author":"MHC International","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5899.131","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis, autoantibodies, and HL-A antigens.","volume":"1","author":"TE Feltkamp","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"202","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: studies on HL-A antigens and lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with myasthenia gravis.","volume":"21","author":"L Hammarstrom","year":"1975","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)92548-3","article-title":"HL-A antigens in myasthenia gravis.","volume":"1","author":"D Fritze","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.1977.tb00916.x","article-title":"Segregation of HLA haplotypes in 100 families with a myasthenia gravis patient.","volume":"4","author":"EM van den Berg-Loonen","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Immunogenet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/103.3.579","article-title":"Clinical, pathological, HLA antigen and immunological evidence for disease heterogeneity in myasthenia gravis.","volume":"103","author":"DA Compston","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"12","article-title":"Immunological heterogeneity and cellular mechanisms in myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y Acad Sci.","volume":"505","author":"J Newsom-Davis","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410210309","article-title":"Heterogeneity in myasthenia gravis: HLA phenotypes and autoantibody responses in ocular and generalized types.","volume":"21","author":"K Kida","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.39.1.23","article-title":"Genetic associations between myasthenia gravis and the HL-A system.","volume":"39","author":"R Pirskanen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.02.004","article-title":"Association of HLA-A in autoimmune myasthenia gravis with thymoma.","volume":"210","author":"C Vandiedonck","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(93)90021-P","article-title":"Identification by genomic typing of non-DR3 HLA class II genes associated with myasthenia gravis.","volume":"47","author":"ML Vieira","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939508995300","article-title":"Different HLA-DQ are positively and negatively associated in Swedish patients with myasthenia gravis.","volume":"22","author":"P Hjelmstrom","year":"1995","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-8859(99)00062-2","article-title":"A susceptibility region for myasthenia gravis extending into the HLA-class I sector telomeric to HLA-C.","volume":"60","author":"M Janer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"355","article-title":"An approach to the localization of the susceptibility genes for generalized myasthenia gravis by mapping recombinant ancestral haplotypes.","volume":"35","author":"MA Degli-Esposti","year":"1992","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15464","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406756101","article-title":"Pleiotropic effects of the 8.1 HLA haplotype in patients with autoimmune myasthenia gravis and thymus hyperplasia.","volume":"101","author":"C Vandiedonck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(98)00120-9","article-title":"The impact of HLA on long-term outcome after thymectomy for myasthenia gravis.","volume":"88","author":"A Machens","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02115001","article-title":"Different HLA DR-DQ associations in subgroups of idiopathic myasthenia gravis.","volume":"31","author":"B Carlsson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.9.1555","article-title":"Linkage of HLA to myasthenia gravis and genetic heterogeneity depending on anti-titin antibodies.","volume":"57","author":"M Giraud","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1991.tb01851.x","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis patients with thymus hyperplasia and myasthenia gravis patients with thymoma display different HLA associations.","volume":"37","author":"A Spurkland","year":"1991","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.1999.4710","article-title":"Correlation of thymic pathology with HLA in myasthenia gravis.","volume":"91","author":"A Machens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20030","article-title":"Clinical evaluation and management of myasthenia gravis. [Review] [166 refs].","volume":"29","author":"JC Keesey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"16","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: recommendations for clinical research standards. Task Force of the Medical Scientific Advisory Board of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America. [Review] [51 refs].","volume":"55","author":"Jaretzki A III","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21695","article-title":"Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor ligand HLA-Bw4 protects against multiple sclerosis.","volume":"65","author":"AR Lorentzen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-2815.2004.00214.x","article-title":"A multicenter international evaluation of single-tube amplification protocols for sequencing-based typing of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DRB3,4,5.","volume":"63","author":"DC Sayer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.10252","article-title":"Pedigree disequilibrium tests for multilocus haplotypes.","volume":"25","author":"F Dudbridge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"703","article-title":"Detecting disease-predisposing variants: the haplotype method.","volume":"60","author":"AM Valdes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1994.tb02291.x","article-title":"HLA and disease associations: detecting the strongest association.","volume":"43","author":"A Svejgaard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1086\/380997","article-title":"Mapping multiple sclerosis susceptibility to the HLA-DR locus in African Americans.","volume":"74","author":"JR Oksenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"The Etiology of Paraneoplastic Autoimmunity.","author":"E Maverakis","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/847393","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: a review of available treatment approaches.","author":"NE Gilhus","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0036603","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T19:16:01Z","timestamp":1540322161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0036603"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jianming","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,9]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0036603","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,9]]}}}