{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:30:40Z","timestamp":1785803440170,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]],"date-time":"2012-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341964800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]],"date-time":"2012-07-11T21:07:23Z","timestamp":1342040843000},"page":"e39506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Mixed Infections and Hybridisation in Monogenean Parasites"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Bettina","family":"Schelkle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia J.","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille B.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cock","family":"van Oosterhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Cable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg749","article-title":"The costs and benefits of sex: new insights from old asexual lineages.","volume":"3","author":"R Butlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gen"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2664","article-title":"The genetics of inbreeding depression.","volume":"10","author":"D Charlesworth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Gen"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.60.2.517","article-title":"The frequency distribution of lethal chromosomes in finite populations.","volume":"60","author":"M Nei","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300014816","article-title":"Detrimental genes with partial selfing and effects on a neutral locus.","volume":"23","author":"T Ohta","year":"1974","journal-title":"Gen Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1086\/303312","article-title":"The effect of a bottleneck on inbreeding depression and the genetic load.","volume":"155","author":"M Kirkpatrick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am Natt"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01374.x","article-title":"Lethals in finite populations.","volume":"56","author":"PW Hedrick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294x.2001.01216.x","article-title":"The role of hybridization in evolution.","volume":"10","author":"NH Barton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182098002947","article-title":"Experimental evidence of hybrid breakdown between genetically distinct populations of <italic>Echinostoma caproni<\/italic>.","volume":"117","author":"S Trouve","year":"1998","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2008.02.004","article-title":"Using mitochondrial and nuclear markers to evaluate the degree of genetic cohesion among <italic>Echinococcus<\/italic> populations.","volume":"119","author":"JL Badaraco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.07.031","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism of Algerian <italic>L. infantum strains<\/italic> revealed by multilocus microsatellite analysis.","volume":"10","author":"N Seridi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microb Infect"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.11.016","article-title":"Population structure of Tunisian <italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic> and ecidence for the existence of hybrids and gene flow between genetically different populations.","volume":"39","author":"N Chargui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.573","article-title":"Multiple hybrid genotypes of <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> (<italic>Viannia<\/italic>) in a focus of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.","volume":"76","author":"D Nolder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Interactions between natural populations of human and rodent schistosomes in the Lake Victoria region of Kenya: a molecular epidemiological approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2(4), e222.","author":"ML Steinauer","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010000302","article-title":"Parasite hybridization in African <italic>Macrogyrodactylus<\/italic> spp. (Monogenea, Platyhelminthes) signals historical host distribution.","volume":"137","author":"M Barson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02145.x","article-title":"Natural hybridization and the evolution of domesticated, pest and disease organisms.","volume":"13","author":"ML Arnold","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3390\/genes1010102","article-title":"An infectious topic in reticulate evolution: introgression and hybridization in animal parasites.","volume":"210","author":"JT Detwiler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065206","article-title":"A molecular whodunit.","volume":"293","author":"RG Webster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4400","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.9.4400-4403.2003","article-title":"Unexpected detection of animal <italic>VP7<\/italic> genes among common Rotavirus strains isolated from children in Mexico.","volume":"41","author":"AR Laird","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.5.2694-2699.2002","article-title":"Genomic analysis of the F3031 Brazilian purpuric fever clone of <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic> biogroup Aegyptius by PCR-based subtractive hybridization.","volume":"70","author":"LM Smoot","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294X.2003.01965.x","article-title":"Interspecific hybridization in plant-associated fungi and oomycetes: a review.","volume":"12","author":"CL Schardl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7396","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.121187198","article-title":"Nucleotide sequences provide evidence of genetic exchange among distantly related lineages of <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic>.","volume":"98","author":"CA Machado","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sciences"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X0000506X","article-title":"Hybridization between different strains of <italic>Schistosoma intercalatum<\/italic> Fisher, 1934 from Cameroun and Zaire.","volume":"52","author":"F Frandsen","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00930836","article-title":"Hybrids between <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic> and <italic>S. rodhaini<\/italic>: characterization by isoelectric focusing of six enzymes.","volume":"76","author":"P Br\u00e9mond","year":"1989","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.02.002","article-title":"Increased transmission potential of <italic>Leishmania major<\/italic>\/<italic>Leishmania infantum<\/italic> hybrids.","volume":"37","author":"P Volf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"319","article-title":"A study of the biological characteristics of a hybrid line between male <italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/italic> (Dar es Salam, Tanzania) and female <italic>S. intercalatum<\/italic> (Edea, Cameroun).","volume":"42","author":"A Mutani","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(90)90072-8","article-title":"Observations on natural and experimental interactions between <italic>Schistosoma bovis<\/italic> and <italic>S. curassoni<\/italic> from West Africa.","volume":"47","author":"D Rollinson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00170.x","article-title":"Speciation by host switch and adaptive radiation in a fish parasite genus <italic>Gyrodactylus<\/italic> (Monogenea: Gyrodactylidae).","volume":"56","author":"MS Zi\u0119tara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2006.0018-0661.01956.x","article-title":"Escape from an evolutionary dead end: a triploid clone of <italic>Gyrodactylus salaris<\/italic> is able to revert to sex and switch host (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae).","volume":"143","author":"MS Zi\u0119tara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hereditas"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03562.x","article-title":"Hybrid origin of Baltic salmon-specific parasite <italic>Gyrodactylus salaris<\/italic>: a model for speciation by host switch for hemiclonal organisms.","volume":"16","author":"J Kuusela","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/B:SYPA.0000038447.52015.e4","article-title":"Nominal species of the genus <italic>Gyrodactylus<\/italic> von Nordmann, 1832 (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae), with a list of principal host species.","volume":"59","author":"PD Harris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sys Parasitol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00330-7","article-title":"Gyrodactylid developmental biology: historical review, current status and future trends.","volume":"32","author":"J Cable","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Reproduction.","author":"J Cohen","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000055207","article-title":"Reproductive potential of <italic>Gyrodactylus bullatarudis<\/italic> (Monogenea) within laboratory population of the fish host <italic>Poecilia reticulata<\/italic>.","volume":"85","author":"ME Scott","year":"1982","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000062156","article-title":"Interactions between population growth and sexual reproduction in the viviparious monogenean <italic>Gyrodactylus turnbulli<\/italic> Harris, 1986 from the guppy, <italic>Poecilia reticulata<\/italic> Peters.","volume":"98","author":"PD Harris","year":"1989","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00329822","article-title":"Sexual reproduction in the monogenean <italic>Diclidophora merlangi<\/italic>: tissue penetration by sperms.","volume":"45","author":"S MacDonald","year":"1975","journal-title":"Z Parasitenk"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Henderson\u2019s Dictionary of Biology, 13<sup>th<\/sup> Edition, Pearson\u2019s Education Limited, Harlow, England.","author":"E Lawrence","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.11.015","article-title":"Experimental infections of the monogenean <italic>Gyrodactylus turnbulli<\/italic> indicate that it is not a strict specialist.","volume":"37","author":"TA King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02087","article-title":"Treatment of gyrodactylid infections in fish.","volume":"86","author":"B Schelkle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Org"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12686-010-9317-z","article-title":"First polymorphic microsatellites for the gyrodactylids, an important group of fish pathogens.","volume":"3","author":"PJ Faria","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cons Gen Res"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Statistics to use.","author":"TW Kirkman","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800926","article-title":"Sporadic sexual reproduction: sex to some degree.","volume":"98","author":"LW Beukeboom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00331-9","article-title":"Host-specificity dynamics: observations on gyrodactylid monogeneans.","volume":"32","author":"TA Bakke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(06)64003-7","article-title":"The biology of gyrodactylid monogeneans: the \u2018Russian-doll killers\u2019.","volume":"64","author":"TA Bakke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2004.01.003","article-title":"Hybridization and adaptive radiation.","volume":"19","author":"O Seehausen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn171","article-title":"Big bang in the evolution of extant malaria parasites.","volume":"25","author":"T Hayakawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063699","article-title":"Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota.","volume":"296","author":"CD Harvell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.08.016","article-title":"How will global climate change affect parasite\u2013host assemblages?","volume":"23","author":"DR Brooks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(98)00086-1","article-title":"Ecological and genetic evidence for clonal reproduction in <italic>Gyrodactylus gasterostei<\/italic> Glaser, 1974.","volume":"28","author":"PD Harris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2000.00142.x","article-title":"What\u2019s wrong with a little sex?","volume":"13","author":"JR Peck","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01191","article-title":"Sex releases the speed limit on evolution.","volume":"420","author":"N Colgrave","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12801","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705455104","article-title":"Coevolution of robustness, epistasis and recombination favours asexual reproduction.","volume":"104","author":"T MacCarthy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2004.07.018","article-title":"Choosing mates: good genes versus genes that are a good fit.","volume":"19","author":"HL May","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110242","article-title":"The major histocompatibility complex, sexual selection and mate choice.","volume":"Syst37","author":"M Milinski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793101005693","article-title":"The evolution of male mate choice in insects: a synthesis of ideas and evidence.","volume":"76","author":"R Bonduriansky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/415071a","article-title":"Polyandrous females avoid costs of inbreeding.","volume":"415","author":"T Tregenza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1139\/z01-220","article-title":"Asynchronous maturation of the sexes may limit close inbreeding in a subsocial spider.","volume":"80","author":"T Bukowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2007.00028.x","article-title":"Incestuous mate preference by a simultaneous hermaphrodite with strong inbreeding depression.","volume":"61","author":"S Schj\u00f8rring","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1148526","article-title":"Disentangling genetic variation for resistance and tolerance to infectious diseases in animals.","volume":"318","author":"L R\u00e5berg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.09.016","article-title":"Gyro-scope: An individual computer model to forecast gyrodactylid infections on fish hosts.","volume":"38","author":"C van Oosterhout","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.04.013","article-title":"The impact of parasites in the life history evolution of guppies (<italic>Poecilia reticulata<\/italic>): the effects of host size on parasite virulence.","volume":"37","author":"J Cable","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001008873","article-title":"Mixed strain schistosomes infections on snails and the evolution of parasitic virulence.","volume":"124","author":"CM Davies","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007002636","article-title":"Interspecific and intraspecific interactions in the monogenean communities of fish: a question of study scale?","volume":"134","author":"A Karvonen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00347-2","article-title":"Investigating patterns may reveal processes: evolutionary ecology of ectoparasitic monogeneans.","volume":"32","author":"S Morand","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.12.016","article-title":"Selection by parasites in spate conditions in wild Trinidadian guppies (<italic>Poecilia reticulata<\/italic>).","volume":"37","author":"C van Oosterhout","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0039506","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T23:18:59Z","timestamp":1642720739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0039506"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rick Edward","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0039506","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]]}}}