{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T17:18:09Z","timestamp":1773681489067,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,5]],"date-time":"2012-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341446400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a protozoan parasite, causes a strong immunosuppression in a susceptible host and inflicts the fatal disease visceral leishmaniasis. Relatively high toxicity, low therapeutic index, and failure in reinstating host-protective anti-leishmanial immune responses have made anti-leishmanial drugs patient non-compliant and an immuno-modulatory treatment a necessity. Therefore, we have tested the anti-leishmanial efficacy of a combination of a novel immunomodulator,\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium indicus pranii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Mw<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and an anti-leishmanial drug, Amphotericin B (AmpB). We observe that\n                    <jats:italic>Mw<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone or with a suboptimal dose of AmpB offers significant protection against\n                    <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection by activating the macrophages. Our experiments examining the anti-leishmanial activity of\n                    <jats:italic>Mw<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone or with AmpB also indicate a p38MAPK and ERK-1\/2 regulated pro-inflammatory responses. The\n                    <jats:italic>Mw<\/jats:italic>\n                    -AmpB combination induced nitric oxide production, restored Th1 response, and significantly reduced parasite burden in wild type macrophages but not in IL-12-deficient macrophages indicating a pivotal role for IL-12 in the induction of host-protection by\n                    <jats:italic>Mw<\/jats:italic>\n                    and AmpB treatments. In addition, we observed that\n                    <jats:italic>Mw<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone or in combination with suboptimal dose of AmpB render protection against\n                    <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in susceptible BALB\/c mice. However, these treatments failed to render protection in IL-12-deficient mice\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    which added further support that IL-12 played a central role in this chemo immunotherapeutic approach. Thus, we demonstrate a novel chemo-immunotherapeutic approach-\n                    <jats:italic>Mw<\/jats:italic>\n                    and AmpB crosstalk eliminating the parasite-induced immunosuppression and inducing collateral host-protective effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,5]],"date-time":"2012-07-05T21:15:36Z","timestamp":1341522936000},"page":"e40265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["RETRACTED: Mycobacterium indicus pranii (Mw) Re-Establishes Host Protective Immune Response in Leishmania donovani Infected Macrophages: Critical Role of IL-12"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Anupam","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saikat","family":"Majumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sayantan","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Surajit","family":"Bhattacharjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parna","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangeeta","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subhadra","family":"Haldar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suchandra Bhattacharyya","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhaskar","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subrata","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0040265-Chappuis1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1748","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control?","volume":"5","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0040265-Coler1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.03.006","article-title":"Second-generation vaccines against leishmaniasis.","volume":"21","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0040265-Stenger1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.4.1501","article-title":"Reactivation of latent Leishmaniasis by inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase.","volume":"183","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"pone.0040265-Satoskar1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200003)30:3<834::AID-IMMU834>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"IL-12 gene-deficient C57BL\/6 mice are susceptible to Leishmania donovani but have diminished hepatic immunopathology.","volume":"30","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0040265-Rodrigues1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.3.1233-1236.1998","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta and immunosuppression in experimental visceral leishmaniasis.","volume":"66","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"pone.0040265-Bogdan1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.6.1549","article-title":"Macrophage deactivation by Interlukin-10.","volume":"174","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"pone.0040265-Gupta1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1086\/605895","article-title":"CXC chemokine-mediated protection against visceral leishmaniasis: involvement of the proinflammatory response.","volume":"200","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0040265-Mathur1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1045","article-title":"Reciprocal CD40 signals through p38MAPK and ERK-1\/2 induce counteracting immune responses.","volume":"10","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"pone.0040265-Reddi1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Molecular definition of unique species status of Mycobacterium w; 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