{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T02:28:02Z","timestamp":1785637682415,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,11]],"date-time":"2012-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355184000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,11]],"date-time":"2012-12-11T21:46:28Z","timestamp":1355262388000},"page":"e51424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The Invisible Suffering: Sexual Coercion, Interpersonal Violence, and Mental Health - A Cross-Sectional Study among University Students in South-Western Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Anette","family":"Agardh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Tumwine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedict O.","family":"Asamoah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Cantor-Graae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2307\/25549732","article-title":"Coerced first sex among adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa: prevalence and context","volume":"11(3)","author":"AM Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.09.026","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and sexual coercion among pregnant women in India: relationship with depression and post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"102(1\u20133)","author":"D Varma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of affective disorders"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01338.x","article-title":"Are the Predictors of Sexual Violence the Same as Those of Nonsexual Violence? A Gender Analysis","volume":"6(8)","author":"P Mohammadkhani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Sexual Medicine"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000259906.16474.86","article-title":"Experiences of physical and sexual abuse and their implications for current health","volume":"109(5)","author":"U Pikarinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obstetrics and gynecology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1108\/14777261011070510","article-title":"Perceptions of sexual coercion among young women in Uganda","volume":"24(5)","author":"MK Hayer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of health organization and management"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260508327707","article-title":"Experiences of sexual coercion among adolescent women: qualitative findings from Rakai district, Uganda","volume":"24(12)","author":"J Wagman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-006-9141-4","article-title":"Predictors of sexual coercion against women and men: a multilevel, multinational study of university students","volume":"36(3)","author":"DA Hines","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-527","article-title":"Experience of sexual coercion and risky sexual behavior among Ugandan university students","volume":"11","author":"A Agardh","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehrer JA, Lehrer EL, Koss MP (2012) Unwanted Sexual Experiences in Young Men: Evidence from a Survey of University Students in Chile. Archives of sexual behavior.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-012-0004-x"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801204265552","article-title":"Prevalence of Violence Against Dating Partners by Male and Female University Students Worldwide","volume":"10(7)","author":"MA Straus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260502017003003","article-title":"Sexual coercion and victimization of college men: the role of love styles","volume":"17(3)","author":"BL Russell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260507307651","article-title":"Experiences with dating aggression and sexual coercion among Polish college students","volume":"23(1)","author":"K Doroszewicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-006-9141-4","article-title":"Predictors of sexual coercion against women and men: A multilevel, multinational study of university students","volume":"36(3)","author":"DA Hines","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"53","article-title":"Prevalence rates, case identification, and risk","volume":"23(2)","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Sir\u00e9 n R, Kivivuori J, K\u00e4\u00e4ri\u00e4inen J, Aaltonen M (2007) Suomalaisten kokemav\u00e4 kivalta 1980\u20132006. [National Survey of violent victimization in Finland 1980\u20132006]. In. Helsinki: Oikeuspoliittisen tutkimuslaitoksen tutkimustiedonantoja."},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"235","article-title":"Associated Physical Injury, Healthcare Usage, and Mental Health Symptoms","volume":"54(4)","author":"A Amar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nursing research (New York)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali TS, Mogren I, Krantz G (2011) Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health Effects: A Population-Based Study among Married Women in Karachi, Pakistan. International journal of behavioral medicine.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-011-9201-6"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801211404548","article-title":"The Long Arc of Recovery: Characterizing Intimate Partner Violence and Its Psychosocial Effects Across 17 Years","volume":"17(4)","author":"T Lindhorst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70317-8","article-title":"Mental and physical health effects of intimate partner violence on women and children","volume":"20(2)","author":"JC Campbell","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Psychiatric clinics of North America"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(02)00514-7","article-title":"Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women","volume":"23(4)","author":"AL Coker","year":"2002","journal-title":"American journal of preventive medicine 2002"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"813","article-title":"Breslau N, Chilcoat HD, Kessler RC, Peterson EL, Lucia VC: Vulnerability to assaultive violence: further specification of the sex difference in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"29(4)","journal-title":"Psychological medicine"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.4.599","article-title":"Gender Differences in Long-Term Health Consequences of Physical Abuse of Children: Data From a Nationally Representative Survey","volume":"94(4)","author":"MP Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"813","article-title":"Vulnerability to assaultive violence further specification of the sex difference in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"29(4)","author":"N Breslau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Med 1999"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults - impact on children","volume":"14(4)","author":"VJ Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1998"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(96)00059-2","article-title":"The long-term sequelae of child and adolescent abuse: a longitudinal community study","volume":"20(8)","author":"AB Silverman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect 1996"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00862.x","article-title":"The Sexual Abuse of Male Children and Adolescents: A Review of Current Research","volume":"33(1)","author":"B Watkins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-284","article-title":"Intimate partner violence against women in eastern Uganda: implications for HIV prevention","volume":"6","author":"CAS Karamagi","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"E7","article-title":"Adolescent sexual aggression: risk and protective factors","volume":"100(6)","author":"IW Borowsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics 1997"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199601000-00008","article-title":"Trends in a national sample of sexually abusive youths","volume":"35(1)","author":"G Ryan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/1054-139X(95)00167-Q","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse and coercive sex among school-based adolescents in a midwestern state","volume":"18(3)","author":"MA Lodico","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559510367937","article-title":"Sexual coercion experience and sexually coercive behavior: a population study of Swedish and Norwegian male youth","volume":"15(3)","author":"MC Seto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffin MJ, Read JP (2012) Prospective Effects of Method of Coercion in Sexual Victimization Across the First College Year. Journal of interpersonal violence.","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260511433518"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.65.5.834","article-title":"A 2-year longitudinal analysis of the relationships between violent assault and substance use in women","volume":"65(5)","author":"DG Kilpatrick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of consulting and clinical psychology"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(00)00168-3","article-title":"Women\u2019s vulnerability to sexual assault from adolescence to young adulthood","volume":"27(6)","author":"JA Humphrey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684310384104","article-title":"Stigma-Threat Motivated Nondisclosure of Sexual Assault and Sexual Revictimization: A Prospective Analysis","volume":"35(1)","author":"AK Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Women Q"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801295001001002","article-title":"Sexual violence in women\u2019s lives. Findings from the Women\u2019s Safety Project, a community-based survey","volume":"1(1)","author":"M Randall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Violence against women"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007545302987","article-title":"Violence and Sexual Coercion in High School Students\u2019 Dating Relationships","volume":"15(1)","author":"SM Jackson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.06.004","article-title":"Emotion dysregulation and risky sexual behavior in revictimization","volume":"34(12)","author":"TL Messman-Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988308330106","article-title":"Sexual coercion and mental health symptoms among heterosexual men: the pressure to say \u201cyes\u201d","volume":"4(2)","author":"M Prospero","year":"2010","journal-title":"American journal of men\u2019s health"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-006-9129-0","article-title":"The impact of sexual coercion on psychological, physical, and sexual well-being in a representative sample of Australian women","volume":"36(5)","author":"RO de Visser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of sexual behavior"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"WHO (2002) World report on violence and health: summary. World Health OrganizationGeneva."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.5.555","article-title":"Lifetime Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in 4 Postconflict Settings","volume":"286(5)","author":"JTVM De Jong","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Baum K, Klaus P (2005) Violent victimization of college students, 1995\u20132002 Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice (NCJ206836)."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2002.tb00091.x","article-title":"Being pursued: stalking victimizaton in a national study of college women","volume":"1(2)","author":"BS Fisher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Criminology & Public Policy"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-007-9333-5","article-title":"Alcohol use, intimate partner violence, sexual coercion and HIV among women aged 15\u201324 in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"13(2)","author":"IB Zablotska","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"208","article-title":"Youth, Sexual Risk-Taking Behavior, and Mental Health: a Study of University Students in Uganda","volume":"19(2)","author":"A Agardh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med Jun"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260508327707","article-title":"Experiences of Sexual Coercion among Adolescent Women: Qualitative Findings from Rakai District, Uganda","volume":"24(12)","author":"J Wagman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of interpersonal violence"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.04.027","article-title":"Poverty and common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: A systematic review","volume":"71(3)","author":"C Lund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2010.12.001","article-title":"Perceived threat of violence and exposure to physical violence against foreign-born women: a Swedish population-based study","volume":"21(3)","author":"C Fernbrant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"497","article-title":"Indochinese versions of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25: a screening instrument for the psychiatric care of refugees","volume":"144(4)","author":"WG Mollica R","year":"1987","journal-title":"The American journal of psychiatry"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"13","article-title":"SCL-90 an outpatient psychiatric rating scale\u2013preliminary report","volume":"9(1)","author":"LR Derogatis LR","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology bulletin 1978"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaaya SF, Fawzi MCS, Mbwambo JK, Lee B, Msamanga GI, Fawzi W (2002) Validity of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 amongst HIV-positive pregnant women in Tanzania. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica 106(1).","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2002.01205.x"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.051953","article-title":"Urbanicity of place of birth and symptoms of psychosis, depression and anxiety in Uganda","volume":"195(2)","author":"P Lundberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"British journal of psychiatry"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-005-0921-2","article-title":"Violence and PTSD in Mexico","volume":"40(7)","author":"CK Baker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830230082012","article-title":"Sex Differences in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"54(11)","author":"N Breslau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.3.528","article-title":"Reconceptualizing risk","volume":"71(3)","author":"S Pimlott-Kubiak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of consulting and clinical psychology"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.05.017","article-title":"Does violence affect one gender more than the other? The mental health impact of violence among male and female university students","volume":"65(6)","author":"P Romito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"ref58","unstructured":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics (2006) The 2002 Uganda Population and Housing Census: Education and Literacy. In. Kampala, Uganda: Uganda Bureau of Statistics."},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"1222","article-title":"Does violence affect one gender more than the other? The mental health impact of violence among male and female university students","volume":"65(6)","author":"P Romito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine 2007"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.12.015","article-title":"Violence victimization among Finnish university students: Prevalence, symptoms and healthcare usage","volume":"70(9)","author":"K Bjorklund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0051424","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T05:32:22Z","timestamp":1589002342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0051424"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jerson","family":"Laks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,11]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0051424","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,11]]}}}