{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T17:04:56Z","timestamp":1775667896567,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]],"date-time":"2013-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361318400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]],"date-time":"2013-02-20T18:05:07Z","timestamp":1361383507000},"page":"e57164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Disturbance Driven Colony Fragmentation as a Driver of a Coral Disease Outbreak"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Marilyn E.","family":"Brandt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tyler B.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrienne M. S.","family":"Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Vega-Thurber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086050","article-title":"Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals","volume":"301","author":"TA Gardner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/32.6.674","article-title":"Thresholds And Multiple Stable States In Coral-Reef Community Dynamics","volume":"32","author":"N Knowlton","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Zoologist"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2004.02.011","article-title":"Multiple \u201cstable\u201d states and the conservation of marine ecosystems","volume":"60","author":"N Knowlton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Progress in Oceanography"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1126\/science.265.5178.1547","article-title":"Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef","volume":"265","author":"TP Hughes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2009.01.003","article-title":"Scleractinian coral population size structures and growth rates indicate coral resilience on the fringing reefs of North Jamaica","volume":"67","author":"MJC Crabbe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Marine Environmental Research"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1999.44.3_part_2.0932","article-title":"Multiple stressors on coral reefs: A long-term perspective","volume":"44","author":"TP Hughes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Limnology and Oceanography"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bythell JC, Pantos O, Richardson L (2004) White plague, white band, and other \u201cwhite\u201d diseases. In: Rosenberg E, Loya Y, editors. <italic>Coral Health and Disease<\/italic>. New York: Springer. pp. 351\u2013365.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-06414-6_20"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-006-0122-9","article-title":"Conservation, precaution, and Caribbean reefs","volume":"25","author":"R Aronson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3354\/meps266273","article-title":"Disease and immunity in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific zooxanthellate corals","volume":"266","author":"KP Sutherland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Marine Ecology-Progress Series"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollock FJ, Morris PJ, Willis BL, Bourne DG (2011) The Urgent Need for Robust Coral Disease Diagnostics. Plos Pathogens 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002183"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1007\/s003380050249","article-title":"Coral bleaching: causes and consequences","volume":"16","author":"BE Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00303779","article-title":"Coral-Reef Bleaching - Ecological Perspectives","volume":"12","author":"PW Glynn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02430665","article-title":"Vitality of reef coral populations off Key Largo, Florida: recruitment and mortality","volume":"2","author":"P Dustan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Environmental Geology"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"187","article-title":"Coral disease outbreak in the Florida Keys: Plague Type II","volume":"46","author":"LL Richardson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Revista de Biologia Tropical"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013187723831","article-title":"Integrating microbiological, microsensor, molecular, and physiologic techniques in the study of coral disease pathogenesis","volume":"460","author":"LL Richardson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/33302","article-title":"Florida&apos;s mystery coral-killer identified","volume":"392","author":"LL Richardson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.2003.00427.x","article-title":"The bacterial ecology of a plague-like disease affecting the Caribbean coral Montastrea annularis","volume":"5","author":"O Pantos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environmental Microbiology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2007.02.015","article-title":"Are infectious diseases really killing corals? Alternative interpretations of the experimental and ecological data","volume":"346","author":"MP Lesser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3354\/dao070155","article-title":"Systematically describing gross lesions in corals","volume":"70","author":"TM Work","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"815","article-title":"Impact of a white plague-II outbreak on a coral reef in the archipelago Los Roques National Park, Venezuela","volume":"41","author":"A Croquer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Caribbean Journal of Science"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-007-0310-2","article-title":"Bleaching increases likelihood of disease on Acropora palmata (Lamarck) in Hawksnest Bay, St John, US Virgin Islands","volume":"27","author":"EM Muller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-009-0531-7","article-title":"Coral disease following massive bleaching in 2005 causes 60% decline in coral cover on reefs in the US Virgin Islands","volume":"28","author":"J Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-006-0165-y","article-title":"Coral disease outbreak at Navassa, a remote Caribbean island","volume":"26","author":"MW Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2859","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0445.1","article-title":"Disease incidence is related to bleaching extent in reef-building corals","volume":"90","author":"ME Brandt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3354\/meps301119","article-title":"Coral disease outbreak: pattern, prevalence and transmission in Acropora cervicornis","volume":"301","author":"DE Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Marine Ecology-Progress Series"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5483","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610122104","article-title":"Model-based assessment of the role of human-induced climate change in the 2005 Caribbean coral bleaching event","volume":"104","author":"SD Donner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701194104","article-title":"Hurricanes benefit bleached corals","volume":"104","author":"DP Manzello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1139\/F08-032","article-title":"Evaluating the role of fish behaviour in surveys conducted with underwater vehicles","volume":"65","author":"AW Stoner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2005.06.007","article-title":"Using red light for in situ observations of deep-sea fishes","volume":"52","author":"EA Widdler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Deep-Sea Research"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"NPS (2012) <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/irma.nps.gov\/App\/Reference\/Profile\/2181494\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/irma.nps.gov\/App\/Reference\/Profile\/2181494<\/ext-link>.Coral reef water temperature monitoring protocol. NPS Report \u2013 2181494."},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"NOAA (2012) <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/coralreefwatch.noaa.gov\/satellite\/index.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/coralreefwatch.noaa.gov\/satellite\/index.html<\/ext-link>.Coral reef watch coral bleaching virtual stations. NOAA\/National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service\/Office of Satellite Data Processing and Distribution."},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Strong AE, Barrientos CS, Duda C, Sapper J (1997) Improved satellite techniques for monitoring coral reef bleaching. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium. Panama City, Panama. pp. 1495\u20131498."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-1177(95)00396-V","article-title":"Applying MCSST to coral reef bleaching","volume":"16","author":"MW Gleeson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Advances in Space Research"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2007.08.009","article-title":"Coral bleaching indices and thresholds for the Florida Reef Tract, Bahamas, and St. Croix, US Virgin Islands","volume":"54","author":"DP Manzello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Marine Pollution Bulletin"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-009-0548-y","article-title":"The effect of species and colony size on the bleaching response of reef-building corals in the Florida Keys during the 2005 mass bleaching event","volume":"28","author":"M Brandt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13969","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013969","article-title":"Caribbean Corals in Crisis: Record Thermal Stress, Bleaching, and Mortality in 2005","volume":"5","author":"CM Eakin","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1007\/s003380050081","article-title":"Outbreak of coral disease in Puerto Rico","volume":"16","author":"AW Bruckner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00651.x","article-title":"Algal contact as a trigger for coral disease","volume":"7","author":"MM Nugues","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3354\/meps318103","article-title":"Factors affecting susceptibility of the coral <italic>Montastraea faveolata<\/italic> to black-band disease","volume":"318","author":"GS Aeby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Marine Ecology-Progress Series"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Diggle PJ (1983) Statistical Analysis of Spatial Point Patterns; Sibson R, Cohen JE, editors. New York: Academic Press. 148 p."},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"25","article-title":"Three scleractinian coral diseases in Dominica, West Indies: distribution, infection patterns and contribution to coral tissue mortality","volume":"51","author":"JL Borger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Revista de Biologia Tropical"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3354\/dao069033","article-title":"Coral diseases near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas: Patterns and potential drivers","volume":"69","author":"JD Voss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02137","article-title":"Dynamics and impact of the coral disease white plague: insights from a simulation model","volume":"87","author":"ME Brandt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandt ME, Ruttenberg BI, Waara R, Miller J, Witcher B, et al.. (2012) Dynamics of an acute coral disease outbreak associated with the macroalgae Dictyota spp. in Dry Tortugas National Park, Florida, U.S.A. Bulletin of Marine Science 88: : 1035\u20131050.","DOI":"10.5343\/bms.2011.1104"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44246","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044246","article-title":"Macroalgae decrease growth and alter microbial community structure of the reef-building coral, <italic>Porites astreoides<\/italic>","volume":"7","author":"R Vega-Thurber","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-011-0747-1","article-title":"Allelochemicals produced by Caribbean macroalgae and cyanobacteria have species-specific effects on reef coral microorganisms","volume":"30","author":"KM Morrow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3354\/meps096189","article-title":"Effects of coral bleaching on tissue regeneration potential and colony survival","volume":"96","author":"EH Meesters","year":"1993","journal-title":"Marine Ecology-Progress Series"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2007.52.5.1874","article-title":"Energy reserves and metabolism as indicators of coral recovery from bleaching","volume":"52","author":"LJ Rodrigues","year":"2007","journal-title":"Limnology and Oceanography"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/meps322001","article-title":"Regulation of microbial populations by coral surface mucus and mucus-associated bacteria","volume":"322","author":"KB Ritchie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Marine Ecology-Progress Series"},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"Miller J, Davis A, Atkinson A, Herlan J, Patterson M, et al.. (2012) What two coral bleaching events can tell us about resilience. 2012 International Coral Reef Symposium. Cairns, Australia 9\u201313 July 2012."}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0057164","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T03:26:11Z","timestamp":1540265171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0057164"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tilmann","family":"Harder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0057164","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.717980498.793472528","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,20]]}}}