{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T10:37:50Z","timestamp":1782297470260,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,7]],"date-time":"2013-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362614400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,7]],"date-time":"2013-03-07T16:58:25Z","timestamp":1362675505000},"page":"e57503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Long-Term Post-Stroke Changes Include Myelin Loss, Specific Deficits in Sensory and Motor Behaviors and Complex Cognitive Impairment Detected Using Active Place Avoidance"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Rosenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank C.","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.559880","article-title":"Epidemiological studies of the effect of stroke on incident dementia: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"GM Savva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1996.tb00908.x","article-title":"Cognitive impairment and risk of stroke in the older population","volume":"44","author":"L Ferrucci","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70221-0","article-title":"Poststroke dementia","volume":"4","author":"D Leys","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2010.08.016","article-title":"Post-stroke pharmacological intervention: promoting brain recovery from injury in the future","volume":"59","author":"FC Barone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-7378-2-13","article-title":"Functional assessments in the rodent stroke model","volume":"2","author":"KL Schaar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Transl Stroke Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-7378-3-6","article-title":"On the importance of long-term functional assessment after stroke to improve translation from bench to bedside","volume":"3","author":"T Freret","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Transl Stroke Med"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"The sensorimotor and cognitive deficits in rats following 90- and 120-min transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery","author":"L Zvejniece","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1161\/hs1101.098367","article-title":"Intravenous administration of human umbilical cord blood reduces behavioral deficits after stroke in rats","volume":"32","author":"J Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.171","article-title":"Thrombopoietin protects the brain and improves sensorimotor functions: reduction of stroke-induced MMP-9 upregulation and blood-brain barrier injury","volume":"31","author":"J Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.12.2471","article-title":"Disturbance of retention of memory after focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"25","author":"M Hirakawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450290025617","article-title":"Effects of middle cerebral artery occlusion on spontaneous activity and cognitive function in rats","volume":"112","author":"AE Willing","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(95)00232-4","article-title":"Behavioral studies on rats with transient cerebral ischemia induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery","volume":"77","author":"N Sakai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12606","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012606","article-title":"Role of Rac1 GTPase in NADPH oxidase activation and cognitive impairment following cerebral ischemia in the rat","volume":"5","author":"L Raz","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03248.x","article-title":"Environmental enrichment reverses learning impairment in the Morris water maze after focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"19","author":"P Dahlqvist","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.23.2.267","article-title":"Neurological and behavioral outcomes of focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"23","author":"F Wahl","year":"1992","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12490","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012490","article-title":"Minocycline synergizes with N-acetylcysteine and improves cognition and memory following traumatic brain injury in rats","volume":"5","author":"SG Abdel Baki","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.07.038","article-title":"Inertial stimuli generated by arena rotation are important for acquisition of the active place avoidance task","volume":"216","author":"K Blahna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11493","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.19.11493","article-title":"Both here and there: simultaneous expression of autonomous spatial memories in rats","volume":"95","author":"AA Fenton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01019-3","article-title":"Functional inactivation of dorsal hippocampus impairs active place avoidance in rats","volume":"285","author":"JM Cimadevilla","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3531","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051628398","article-title":"Inactivating one hippocampus impairs avoidance of a stable room-defined place during dissociation of arena cues from room cues by rotation of the arena","volume":"98","author":"JM Cimadevilla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.511659","article-title":"Contralesional axonal remodeling of the corticospinal system in adult rats after stroke and bone marrow stromal cell treatment","volume":"39","author":"Z Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.10.1383","article-title":"Photochemical stroke model: flunarizine prevents sensorimotor deficits after neocortical infarcts in rats","volume":"20","author":"M De Ryck","year":"1989","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2003.08.031","article-title":"Motor balance and coordination training enhances functional outcome in rat with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion","volume":"123","author":"Y Ding","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.09.005","article-title":"Testing forelimb placing \u201cacross the midline\u201d reveals distinct, lesion-dependent patterns of recovery in rats","volume":"191","author":"MT Woodlee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2005.02.006","article-title":"Role of molecular isoforms of acetylcholinesterase in learning and memory functions","volume":"81","author":"A Das","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3962-04.2005","article-title":"Beyond memory, navigation, and inhibition: behavioral evidence for hippocampus-dependent cognitive coordination in the rat","volume":"25","author":"M Wesierska","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(93)90124-T","article-title":"Development of tissue damage, inflammation and resolution following stroke: an immunohistochemical and quantitative planimetric study","volume":"31","author":"RK Clark","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000107661","article-title":"Brain MRI and neurological deficit measurements in focal stroke: rapid throughput validated with isradipine","volume":"81","author":"SC Lenhard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.02.034","article-title":"Lidocaine attenuates apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra and reduces infarct size after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"125","author":"B Lei","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600418","article-title":"Marked prevention of ischemic brain injury by Neu2000, an NMDA antagonist and antioxidant derived from aspirin and sulfasalazine","volume":"27","author":"BJ Gwag","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2011.44.1.25","article-title":"Immunochemical changes of calbindin, calretinin and SMI32 in ischemic retinas induced by increase of intraocular pressure and by middle cerebral artery occlusion","volume":"44","author":"JH Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anat Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32834959c5","article-title":"A novel calpain inhibitor for treatment of transient retinal ischemia in the rat","volume":"22","author":"J David","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00695577","article-title":"Delayed neuronal death in the rat hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia","volume":"64","author":"T Kirino","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199709000-00006","article-title":"DNA fragmentation follows delayed neuronal death in CA1 neurons exposed to transient global ischemia in the rat","volume":"17","author":"CK Petito","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(01)00017-3","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral assessment in experimental stroke research: will it prove useful?","volume":"25","author":"AC DeVries","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2006.02.006","article-title":"Selective, reversible occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats by an intraluminal approach. Optimized filament design and methodology","volume":"156","author":"J Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5272","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-14-05272.2001","article-title":"Enriched rehabilitative training promotes improved forelimb motor function and enhanced dendritic growth after focal ischemic injury","volume":"21","author":"J Biernaskie","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000260180.42709.29","article-title":"Caveolin-1 deficiency increases cerebral ischemic injury","volume":"100","author":"JF Jasmin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1161\/hs1101.097397","article-title":"A comparison of long-term functional outcome after 2 middle cerebral artery occlusion models in rats","volume":"32","author":"RL Roof","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02100-4","article-title":"Neurological impairment in rats after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion: a comparative study under various treatment paradigms","volume":"863","author":"S Zausinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-002-0007-5","article-title":"Stroke-related dementia","volume":"4","author":"JG Merino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000142964.83484.DE","article-title":"Progression of cognitive impairment in stroke patients","volume":"63","author":"PS Sachdev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.09.006","article-title":"Sensorimotor and cognitive deficits after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the mouse","volume":"203","author":"V Bouet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.120.6.1285","article-title":"Long-term functional outcome following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat: correlation between brain damage and behavioral impairment","volume":"120","author":"T Freret","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.16","article-title":"Watermaze performance after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat: the role of sensorimotor versus memory impairments","volume":"32","author":"D Bingham","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"220","article-title":"Ischemic stroke intervention requires mixed cellular protection of the penumbra","volume":"10","author":"FC Barone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.05.034","article-title":"A hierarchy of neurobehavioral tasks discriminates between mild and moderate brain injury in rats","volume":"1280","author":"SG Abdel Baki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.06.038","article-title":"Neurodegeneration and cellular stress in the retina and optic nerve in rat cerebral ischemia and hypoperfusion models","volume":"155","author":"G Kalesnykas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)01268-M","article-title":"YM796, a novel muscarinic agonist, improves the impairment of learning behavior in a rat model of chronic focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"669","author":"T Yamaguchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.2.324","article-title":"Functional outcome in rats transferred to an enriched environment 15 days after focal brain ischemia","volume":"27","author":"BB Johansson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199607000-00022","article-title":"An alternative method for the quantitation of neuronal damage after experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats: analysis of behavioral deficit","volume":"16","author":"J Aronowski","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18060","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4735-11.2011","article-title":"Reduced white matter integrity is related to cognitive instability","volume":"31","author":"AM Fjell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.01.074","article-title":"alpha-Phenyl-n-tert-butyl-nitrone attenuates hypoxic-ischemic white matter injury in the neonatal rat brain","volume":"1007","author":"S Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.04.001","article-title":"White matter in learning, cognition and psychiatric disorders","volume":"31","author":"RD Fields","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn275","article-title":"Disconnection as a mechanism for cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis","volume":"132","author":"RA Dineen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.5.956","article-title":"Axonal injury in the internal capsule correlates with motor impairment after stroke","volume":"30","author":"ST Pendlebury","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5333","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5756-11.2012","article-title":"Frontostriatal white matter integrity mediates adult age differences in probabilistic reward learning","volume":"32","author":"GR Samanez-Larkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0057503","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T12:31:54Z","timestamp":1562761914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0057503"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Georges","family":"Chapouthier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,7]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0057503","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,7]]}}}