{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T16:20:58Z","timestamp":1770481258950,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,28]],"date-time":"2013-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362009600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T13:47:33Z","timestamp":1362145653000},"page":"e57879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Risk of Exposure to Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Increases with the Density of Northern Cardinals"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Laura K.","family":"Estep","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J. W.","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Vander Kelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan D.","family":"Burkett-Cadena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Sickerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Jinright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Lusk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Hoover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lillian M.","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey E.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Unnasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2006.00885.x","article-title":"Effects of species diversity on disease risk","volume":"9","author":"F Keesing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09575","article-title":"Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases","volume":"468","author":"F Keesing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1086\/430674","article-title":"Species coexistence and pathogens with frequency-dependent transmission","volume":"166","author":"VHW Rudolf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Begon M (2008) Effects of host diversity on disease dynamics. In Ostfeld RS, Keesing F, Eviner VT, editors. Infectious disease ecology: effects of ecosystems on disease and of disease on ecosystems. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 12\u201329."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0233733100","article-title":"The ecology of infectious disease: Effects of host diversity and community composition on Lyme disease risk","volume":"100","author":"K LoGiudice","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2001)082[0609:BATDEI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Biodiversity and the dilution effect in disease ecology","volume":"82","author":"KA Schmidt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2002)083[1713:EOGPSD]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of grassland plant species diversity, abundance, and composition on foliar fungal disease","volume":"83","author":"CA Mitchell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.327","article-title":"Relative potentials of domestic animals for zooprophylaxis against mosquito vectors of encephalitis","volume":"19","author":"AD Hess","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012000200","article-title":"Pangloss revisited: a critique of the dilution effect and the biodiversity-buffers-disease paradigm","volume":"139","author":"SE Randolph","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-1224-6","article-title":"Avian host community structure and prevalence of West Nile virus in Chicago, Illinois","volume":"159","author":"SR Loss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"137","article-title":"Geospatial technology for wildlife habitat evaluation. Trop Eco","volume":"43","author":"SPS Kushwaha","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2006.01584.x","article-title":"Five (or so) challenges for species distribution modeling","volume":"33","author":"MB Araujo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biogeogr"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"MacKenzie DI, Nichols JD, Royle JA, Pollock KH, Bailey LA, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2006) Occupancy modeling and estimation. San Diego: Elsevier. 344 p."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-010-0360-8","article-title":"Bird community composition linked to human West Nile virus cases along the Colorado Front Range","volume":"7","author":"VJ McKenzie","year":"2010","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.268","article-title":"Host selection by <italic>Culex pipiens<\/italic> mosquitoes and West Nile virus amplification","volume":"80","author":"GL Hamer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.8","article-title":"The economic burden imposed by a residual case of eastern encephalitis","volume":"52","author":"P Villari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Morris CD (1988) Eastern equine encephalomyelitis. In: Monath TP, editor. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 1\u201320."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60838-6","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: Epidemiology and evolution of mosquito transmission","volume":"37","author":"TW Scott","year":"1989","journal-title":"Adv Vir Res"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"58","article-title":"The use of sentinel chickens for arbovirus surveillance in Florida","volume":"60","author":"JF Day","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Fla Anti-mosq Assoc"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.1.132","article-title":"Transmission patterns of St. Louis encephalitis and eastern equine encephalitis viruses in Florida: 1978\u20131993","volume":"33","author":"JF Day","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.2307\/3803199","article-title":"Null hypothesis testing: problems, prevalence, and an alternative","volume":"64","author":"DR Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Wildl Manage"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multi-model inference: A practical information-theoretic approach. New York: Springer-Verlag. 496 p."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-010-1035-8","article-title":"Model selection and model averaging in behavioural ecology: the utility of the IT-AIC framework","volume":"65","author":"SA Richards","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2010.02210.x","article-title":"Multimodel inference in ecology and evolution: challenges and solutions","volume":"24","author":"CE Grueber","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.495","article-title":"Transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in Central Alabama","volume":"68","author":"EW Cupp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.3.495","article-title":"Mosquito and arbovirus activity during 1997\u20132002 in a wetland in northeastern Mississippi","volume":"41","author":"EW Cupp","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.1140","article-title":"Molecular identification of blood-meal sources in <italic>Culiseta melanura<\/italic> and <italic>Culiseta morsitans<\/italic> from an endemic focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus in New York","volume":"75","author":"G Molaei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0586","article-title":"A multi-year study of mosquito feeding patterns on avian hosts in a southeastern focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus","volume":"84","author":"LK Estep","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.387","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis virus in birds: Relative competence of European starlings (<italic>Sturnus vulgaris<\/italic>)","volume":"60","author":"N Komar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"278","article-title":"Studies on the North American arthropod-borne encephalitides: VI. Quantitative determinants of virus-vector relationships","volume":"60","author":"RW Chamberlain","year":"1954","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.452","article-title":"Host feeding patterns of potential vectors of eastern equine encephalitis virus at an epizootic focus in Tennessee","volume":"81","author":"SB Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/9.5.429","article-title":"Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes. II. <italic>Culiseta<\/italic>","volume":"9","author":"JD Edman","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Florida Department of Health (2012) Surveillance and control of selected mosquito-borne diseases in Florida. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.doh.state.fl.us\/Environment\/medicine\/arboviral\/index.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.doh.state.fl.us\/Environment\/medicine\/arboviral\/index.html<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture (2009) \u201cAnimals and Animal Products.\u201d 9 CFR 1.1 and 2.30. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/CFR-2009-title9-vol1\/xml\/CFR-2009-title9-vol1-chapI-subchapA.xml\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/CFR-2009-title9-vol1\/xml\/CFR-2009-title9-vol1-chapI-subchapA.xml<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"10","article-title":"Trapping and serosurveillance of live wild birds for arboviruses","volume":"8","author":"JP Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tech Bull Fla Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Darsie RF Jr, Ward RA (2005) Identification and geographical distribution of the mosquitoes of North America, north of Mexico. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 400 p."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ralph JC, Droege S, Sauer JR (1995) Managing and monitoring birds using point counts: standards and applications. In: Ralph JC, Sauer JR, Droege S, editors. Monitoring bird populations by point counts: U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report PSWGTR-149. Albany, CA: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 161\u2013168.","DOI":"10.2737\/PSW-GTR-149"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/76.2.297","article-title":"Regression and time series model selection in small samples","volume":"76","author":"CM Hurvich","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Kutner MH, Nachtsheim CJ, Neter J, Li W (2004) Applied linear statistical models, 5<sup>th<\/sup> edn. New York,: Mcgraw-Hill\/Irwin. 1396 p."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.08.004","article-title":"Mathematical modeling of American cutaneous leishmaniasis: incidental hosts and threshold conditions for infection persistence","volume":"92","author":"LF Chaves","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3575","article-title":"Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission","volume":"273","author":"AM Kilpatrick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0226","article-title":"Seasonal Blood-Feeding Behavior of <italic>Culex tarsalis<\/italic> (Diptera: Culicidae) in Weld County, Colorado, 2007","volume":"46","author":"R Kent","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0506","article-title":"Avian communal roosts as amplification foci for West Nile virus in urban areas in northeastern United States","volume":"82","author":"MA Diuk-Wasser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"925","article-title":"Vector host-feeding preferences drive transmission of multi-host pathogens: West Nile virus as a model system. Proc. R. Soc","volume":"279","author":"JE Simpson","year":"2011","journal-title":"B"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3284","article-title":"Avian diversity and West Nile virus: testing associations between biodiversity and infectious disease risk","volume":"273","author":"V Ezenwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"e2488","article-title":"Increased avian diversity is associated with lower incidence of human West Nile infection: Observation of the dilution effect (2008) PLoS One","volume":"3","author":"JP Swaddle","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-1169-9","article-title":"Ecological correlates of risk and incidence of West Nile virus in the United States","volume":"158","author":"BF Allan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Eastern Equine Encephalitis, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) Eastern Equine Encephalitis: Epidemiology &amp; Geographic Distribution. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/easternequineencephalitis\/tech\/epi.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/easternequineencephalitis\/tech\/epi.html<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2012 Feb 2."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11224","article-title":"Habitat associations of eastern equine encephalitis transmission In Walton County Florida","volume":"49","author":"PT Vander Kelen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0057879","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,10]],"date-time":"2019-07-10T07:25:54Z","timestamp":1562743554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0057879"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lark L.","family":"Coffey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,28]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0057879","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,28]]}}}