{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T01:36:53Z","timestamp":1767836213614,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]],"date-time":"2013-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362528000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,7]],"date-time":"2013-03-07T01:45:13Z","timestamp":1362620713000},"page":"e58648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Symbolic Metal Bit and Saddlebag Fastenings in a Middle Bronze Age Donkey Burial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Guy","family":"Bar-Oz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pirhiya","family":"Nahshoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadas","family":"Motro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliezer D.","family":"Oren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709692105","article-title":"Domestication of the donkey: timing, processes, and indicators","volume":"105","author":"S Rossel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Zarins J (1986) Equids associated with human burials in third millennium BC Mesopotamia: Two complementary facets. In: Meadow RH, Uerpmann H-P, editors. Equids in the ancient world. Weisbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag. 164\u2013193."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2307\/4200305","article-title":"A dog and a donkey excavated at Tell Brak","volume":"51","author":"J Clutton-Brock","year":"1989","journal-title":"Iraq"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Weber JA (2008) Elite equids: Redefining equid burials of the mid-to late 3rd millennium B.C. from Umm el-Marra, Syria. In: Vila E, Gourichon L, Choyke AM, Buitenhuis H, editors. Archaeozoology of the Southwest Asia and Adjacent Areas VIII. Lyon: Maison de l&apos;Orient et de la Mediterran\u00e9e. 499\u2013519."},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"192","article-title":"Horse power: A history of the horse and the donkey in human societies","author":"J Clutton-Brock","year":"1992","journal-title":"London: Natural History Museum"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Wapnish P (1997) Middle Bronze equid burials at Tell Jemmeh and a reexamination of a purportedly Hyksos practice. In: Oren ED, editor. The Hyksos: New historical and archaeological perspectives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum. 335\u2013367."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/187416509X12492786609122","article-title":"The Buhen horse: fifty years after its discovery (1958\u20132008)","volume":"2","author":"P Raulwing","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Egyptian Hist"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"98","article-title":"Avaris, the capital of the Hyksos: recent excavations at Tell el-Dab&apos;a","author":"M Bietak","year":"1996","journal-title":"London: British Museum"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Holladay JSJ (1997) The Eastern Nile Delta during the Hyksos and Pre-Hyksos periods: towards a systemic\/socioeconomic understanding. In: Oren ED, editor. <italic>The Hyksos: New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives<\/italic>. pp. 183\u2013252. Philadelphia: The University Museum."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1179\/175638010X12797246583852","article-title":"Assessing sacred asses: Bronze Age donkey burials in the Near East","volume":"42","author":"KC Way","year":"2010","journal-title":"Levant"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"272","article-title":"Donkeys in the biblical world: ceremony and symbol","author":"KC Way","year":"2011","journal-title":"Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"140","article-title":"Tombs and burial customs at Tell el-Dab&apos;a","author":"ECM Van den Brink","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vienna: Beitrage zur Agyptologie"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"M\u00fcller V (2002) Offering practices in the temple courts of Tell el-Dab&apos;a and the Levant. In: Bietak M, editor. The Middle Bronze age in the Levant. Vienna: Verlag der Osterriechischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 269\u2013295."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"M\u00fcller V (2008) Opferdeponierungen in der Hyksoshauptstadt Auaris (Tell el-Daba) vom sp\u00e4ten Mittlerem Reich bis zum fr\u00fchem Neuen Reich. Wien: Tell el-Daba XVII. p. 488."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3764\/aja.116.1.0157","article-title":"From urban origins to imperial integration in western Syria: Umm el-Marra 2006, 2008","volume":"116","author":"GM Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Archaeol"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Oren ED (1997) The \u2018kingdom of Sharuhen\u2019 and the Hyksos kingdom. In: Oren ED, editor. The Hyksos: New historical and archaeological perspectives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum. 253\u2013283."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Oren ED (1993) Tel Haror. In: Stern E editor. New encyclopedia of archaeological excavations in the Holy Land. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. 580\u2013584."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klenck JD (2002) The Canaanite cultic milieu: The zooarchaeological evidence from Tell Haror, Israel. Oxford: BAR International Series 1029. p. 263","DOI":"10.30861\/9781841714073"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033822200047172","article-title":"The chronology of Tell el-Daba: a crucial meeting point of 14C dating, archaeology, and Egyptology in the 2nd millennium BC","volume":"54","author":"W Kutschera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0092.00140","article-title":"The earliest evidence for metal bridle bits","volume":"20","author":"MA Littauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oxford J Archaeol"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"260","article-title":"Die pferdetrensen des alten Orient","author":"JAH Potratz","year":"1966","journal-title":"Rome: Analecta Orientalia 41"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2307\/4200291","article-title":"A pair of horse bits of the second millennium BC from Iraq","volume":"50","author":"MA Littauer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Iraq"},{"key":"ref23","volume":"1560","unstructured":"Brownrigg G (2006) Horse control and the bit. In: Olsen SL, Grant S, Choyke AM, Bartosiewicz L, editors. Horses and humans: The evolution of human-equine relationship. Oxford: BAR International Series <volume>1560<\/volume>: . 165\u2013171."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00040734","article-title":"Bits and pieces","volume":"43","author":"MA Littauer","year":"1969","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Littauer MA, Crouwel JH (1979) Wheeled vehicles and ridden animals in the ancient Near East. Leiden: Brill. p. 185."},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Petrie WMF (1931) Ancient Gaza I. Tell el Ajjul. Egyptian Research Account 53. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt. p. 88."},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Clutton-Brock J (2001) Ritual burials of a dog and six domestic donkeys. In: Oates D, Oates J, McDonald H, editors. Excavations at Tell Brak. Vol. 2, Nagar in the third millennium BC. Cambridge: McDonald Institute of Archaeology. 327\u2013338."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Clutton-Brock J (2003) Were the donkeys at tell Brak (Syria) harnessed with a bit? In: Levine M, Renfrew C, Boyle K, editors. Prehistoric steppe adaptation and the horse. Cambridge: McDonald Institute of Archaeology. 126\u2013127."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2307\/4200377","article-title":"More Donkeys from Tell Brak","volume":"55","author":"J Clutton-Brock","year":"1993","journal-title":"Iraq"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"196","article-title":"The emergence of the light, horse-drawn chariot in the Near East, c. 2000-1500 BC","volume":"18","author":"PRS Moorey","year":"1986","journal-title":"WA"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Dietz UL (2003) Horseback riding: man&apos;s access to speed? In: Levine M, Renfrew C, Boyle K, editors. Prehistoric steppe adaptation and the horse. Cambridge: McDonald Institute of Archaeology. 189\u2013199."},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Postgate JN (1992) Early Mesopotamia: Society and economy at the dawn of history. London: Routledge. p. 367."},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Oates D, Oates J, McDonald H (2001) Excavations at Tell Brak. Vol. 2, Nagar in the third millennium BC. Cambridge: McDonald Institute of Archaeology. p. 642."},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Oates J (2003) A note on the early evidence for the horse and the riding of equids in Western Asia. In: Levine M, Renfrew C, Boyle K, editors. Prehistoric steppe adaptation and the horse. Cambridge: McDonald Institute of Archaeology. 115\u2013125."},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Crouwel JH (1981) Chariots and other means of land transport in Bronze Age Greece. Amsterdam: Allard Pierson. p. 215."},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"305","article-title":"Old Assyrian institutions","author":"JG Dercksen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leiden: L\u2032Institut historique-archologique neerlandais de Istanbul"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"97","article-title":"Stabile politik \u2013 florierende wirtschaft und umgekehrt: eine rechteckige, beidseitig gravierte platte der Hyksoszeit","volume":"117","author":"T Staubli","year":"2001","journal-title":"ZDPV"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Baines J, Malek J (1982) Atlas of ancient Egypt. Oxford: Equinox. p.240."},{"key":"ref39","unstructured":"Newberry PE (1893) Beni Hasan, I. London: Tr\u00fcbner and Company. p. 85."},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Ziffer I (1990) At that time the Canaanites were in the land. Tel Aviv: Eretz Israel Museum. p. 132."},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Charpin D (1990) Une alliance contre l\u2032Elam et le ritual du <italic>lipit napistim<\/italic>. In: Vallat F, editor. Contribution \u00e0 l\u2032histoire de l\u2032Iran. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations. 109\u2013118."},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"207","article-title":"Cheval, ane, onagre et mule dans la haute histoire Mesopotamienne: Quelques donn\u00e9es nouvelles","volume":"2","author":"B Lafont","year":"2000","journal-title":"TOPOI"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Lafont B (2001) Relations internationals, alliances et diplomatie au temps des royaumes Amorrites: Essai de synthe&apos;se. In: Durand J-M, Charpin D, editors. Ammuru 2: Mari, Ebla et les Hourrites dix ans de travaux. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations. 213\u2013238."},{"key":"ref44","unstructured":"Gardiner AH, Peet TE, Cerny J (1952) The inscriptions of Sinai I. London: Egyptian Exploration Fund. p. 22."},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Gardiner AH, Peet TE, Cerny J (1955) The inscriptions of Sinai II. London: Egyptian Exploration Fund. p. 242."},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"Shaw I (1998) Exploiting the desert frontier: The logistics and politics of ancient Egyptian mining expeditions. In: Knapp AB, Pigott VC, Herbert EW, editors. Social approaches to an industrial past: The archaeology and anthropology of mining. London: Routledge. 242\u2013258."},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Michel C (2004) The perdum-mule, a mount for distinguished persons in Mesopotamia during the first half of the second millennium BC. In: Frizell BS, editor. Man and animal in antiquity. Rome: Swedish Institute in Rome. 190\u2013200."},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Clutton-Brock J (1986) Osteology of the equids from Sumer. In: Meadow RH, Uerpmann H-P, editors. Equids in the ancient world. Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert. 207\u2013229."},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"Eisenmann V, Alberdi MD, De Giuli C, Staesch U (1988). Methodology. In: Woodburne M, Sondaar P, editors. Studying Fossil Horses. Leiden: Brill. 1\u201371."},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"Johnstone CJ (2004) A Biometric study of equids in the Roman world, University of York. p. 499."},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"Binford LR (1981) Bones: ancient men and modern myths. New York: New York Academic Press. p. 312."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyman RL (1994) Vertebrate taphonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 524.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139878302"},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"Silver IA (1969) The aging of domesticated animals. In: Brothwell DR, Higgs E, editors. Science in archaeology. New York: Thames and Hudson. 283\u2013302."},{"key":"ref54","volume":"109","unstructured":"Levine MA (1982) The use of crown height measurements and eruption-wear sequences to age horse teeth. In: Wilson B, Grigson C, Payne S, editors. Ageing and sexing animal bones from archaeological sites. Oxford: BAR British Series vol. <volume>109<\/volume>: . 223\u2013250."}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0058648","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T09:15:29Z","timestamp":1595495729000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0058648"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Karen","family":"Hardy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0058648","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,6]]}}}