{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:13:34Z","timestamp":1790345614710,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,5]],"date-time":"2013-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1365120000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,5]],"date-time":"2013-04-05T21:21:06Z","timestamp":1365196866000},"page":"e60535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Experimental Infection of Dogs with Leishmania and Saliva as a Model to Study Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Dirceu Joaquim","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayssa M. de Araujo","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Abbehusen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maiana","family":"Pitombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joelma","family":"Trigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1via","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucilene","family":"Amorim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Lucia","family":"Abreu-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"do Socorro Pires Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Carlos","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoshi","family":"Fukutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila I.","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aldina","family":"Barral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoel","family":"Barral-Netto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia","family":"Brodskyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(00)01637-9","article-title":"The strange case of Leishmania chagasi","volume":"16","author":"IL Mauricio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.07.001","article-title":"The current status of zoonotic leishmaniases and approaches to disease control","volume":"35","author":"M Gramiccia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"WHO\/TDR website. Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/tdr\/diseases\/leish\/direction.htm<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2012 Oct 21."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.125","article-title":"The logic of visceral leishmaniasis control","volume":"55","author":"C Dye","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00313-7","article-title":"Infectivity of promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania infantum in a canine model for leishmaniosis","volume":"92","author":"L Campino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.11.061","article-title":"Protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis infection in dogs immunized with purified excreted secreted antigens of Leishmania infantum promastigotes","volume":"23","author":"JL Lemesre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00084-9","article-title":"Serological and parasitological follow-up in dogs experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum and treated with meglumine antimoniate","volume":"84","author":"C Riera","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.01964.x","article-title":"Role of sand fly saliva in human and experimental leishmaniasis: current insights","volume":"66","author":"BB Andrade","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.10.1941","article-title":"Development of a natural model of cutaneous leishmaniasis: powerful effects of vector saliva and saliva preexposure on the long-term outcome of Leishmania major infection in the mouse ear dermis","volume":"188","author":"Y Belkaid","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5442","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.12.5442-5445.1996","article-title":"Effects of sand fly vector saliva on development of cutaneous lesions and the immune response to Leishmania braziliensis in BALB\/c mice","volume":"64","author":"HC Lima","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"143","article-title":"Blood-feeding arthropods: live syringes or invertebrate pharmacologists?","volume":"4","author":"JM Ribeiro","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Agents Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.59.5.1592-1598.1991","article-title":"Analysis of enhancing effect of sand fly saliva on Leishmania infection in mice","volume":"59","author":"CM Theodos","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.01.013","article-title":"Sand fly specificity of saliva-mediated protective immunity in Leishmania amazonensis-BALB\/c mouse model","volume":"7","author":"M Thiakaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3344436","article-title":"Salivary gland lysates from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis enhance Leishmania infectivity","volume":"239","author":"RG Titus","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00190-4","article-title":"Effect of sand fly saliva on Leishmania uptake by murine macrophages","volume":"31","author":"R Zer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49780","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049780","article-title":"Performance of LBSap vaccine after intradermal challenge with L. infantum and saliva of Lu. longipalpis: immunogenicity and parasitological evaluation","volume":"7","author":"BM Roatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.09-0229","article-title":"Clinical, parasitologic, and immunologic evolution in dogs experimentally infected with sand fly-derived Leishmania chagasi promastigotes","volume":"81","author":"BL Travi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Ativismo.com website. Available: http:\/\/www.ativismo.com\/site\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2165:teresina-calazar-contaminou-mais-de-3-mil-animais-somente-no-ano-de-2009-&catid=33:noticias-em-tempo-real&Itemid=89<\/ext-link>. Accessed Aug 21 2010."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7845","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712153105","article-title":"Immunity to a salivary protein of a sand fly vector protects against the fatal outcome of visceral leishmaniasis in a hamster model","volume":"105","author":"R Gomes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.12.009","article-title":"Evidence for a relationship between Leishmania load and clinical manifestations","volume":"87","author":"L Manna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.05.018","article-title":"The development of a real-time PCR assay for the quantification of Leishmania infantum DNA in canine blood","volume":"182","author":"M de Paiva Cavalcanti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2004.05.009","article-title":"An alternative immunohistochemical method for detecting Leishmania amastigotes in paraffin-embedded canine tissues","volume":"292","author":"WL Tafuri","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360100469","article-title":"Attempt to differentiate Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, L. (L.) chagasi, Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (V.) guyanensis using the SSR-PCR technique","volume":"87","author":"AC Volpini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.139.1.221","article-title":"Vaccination against cutaneous leishmaniasis in a murine model. I. Induction of protective immunity with a soluble extract of promastigotes","volume":"139","author":"P Scott","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"MM Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.11.020","article-title":"Expression of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-10 and TGF-beta in lymph nodes associates with parasite load and clinical form of disease in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi","volume":"128","author":"CF Alves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000073662","article-title":"Epidemiology of canine leishmaniasis: prevalence, incidence and basic reproduction number calculated from a cross-sectional serological survey on the island of Gozo, Malta","volume":"1)","author":"C Dye","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitology 105 (Pt"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.1.229-235.1994","article-title":"Cellular and humoral immune responses in dogs experimentally and naturally infected with Leishmania infantum","volume":"62","author":"E Pinelli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(00)00223-5","article-title":"The Ibizian hound presents a predominantly cellular immune response against natural Leishmania infection","volume":"90","author":"L Solano-Gallego","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.03.004","article-title":"Infectivity of seropositive dogs, showing different clinical forms of leishmaniasis, to Lutzomyia longipalpis phlebotomine sand flies","volume":"147","author":"EM Michalsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761996000600003","article-title":"Ecological interactions of visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Bahia, Brazil","volume":"91","author":"IA Sherlock","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.119","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Colombia: relationship between clinical and parasitologic status and infectivity for sand flies","volume":"64","author":"BL Travi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-4-45","article-title":"Transmission potential, skin inflammatory response, and parasitism of symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"BL Vercosa","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.02.004","article-title":"Associations among immunological, parasitological and clinical parameters in canine visceral leishmaniasis: Emaciation, spleen parasitism, specific antibodies and leishmanin skin test reaction","volume":"123","author":"WL Dos-Santos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2004.08.024","article-title":"Antileishmanial antibody profile in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi","volume":"106","author":"MA Almeida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(97)00072-X","article-title":"Specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibody and lymphocyte subset levels in naturally Leishmania infantum-infected treated and untreated dogs","volume":"59","author":"G Bourdoiseau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1995.tb00914.x","article-title":"Specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibody responses of dogs to Leishmania infantum and other parasites","volume":"17","author":"P Deplazes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(01)00270-7","article-title":"Cell mediated immunity and specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibody response in natural and experimental canine leishmaniosis","volume":"79","author":"C Leandro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(98)00213-X","article-title":"Analysis of the humoral immune response against total and recombinant antigens of Leishmania infantum: correlation with disease progression in canine experimental leishmaniasis","volume":"67","author":"CG Nieto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00527-1","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of two leishmanins in asymptomatic dogs","volume":"102","author":"L Solano-Gallego","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1007\/s002510050667","article-title":"Measurement of dog cytokines by reverse transcription-quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction","volume":"49","author":"E Pinelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.02.001","article-title":"Isotype patterns of immunoglobulins: hallmarks for clinical status and tissue parasite density in Brazilian dogs naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi","volume":"112","author":"AB Reis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00134-4","article-title":"Cytokine expression during the outcome of canine experimental infection by Leishmania infantum","volume":"88","author":"GM Santos-Gomes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.2.969","article-title":"A natural model of Leishmania major infection reveals a prolonged \u201csilent\u201d phase of parasite amplification in the skin before the onset of lesion formation and immunity","volume":"165","author":"Y Belkaid","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.11.044","article-title":"Immunization with the cysteine proteinase Ldccys1 gene from Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and the recombinant Ldccys1 protein elicits protective immune responses in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"26","author":"JH Ferreira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.618","article-title":"Organ-specific immunity in canine visceral leishmaniasis: analysis of symptomatic and asymptomatic dogs naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi","volume":"70","author":"MA Sanchez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.5.3161","article-title":"SIR2-deficient Leishmania infantum induces a defined IFN-gamma\/IL-10 pattern that correlates with protection","volume":"179","author":"R Silvestre","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651996000200001","article-title":"Histopathology and immunocytochemical study of type 3 and type 4 complement receptors in the liver and spleen of dogs naturally and experimentally infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi","volume":"38","author":"WL Tafuri","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00456-09","article-title":"Immunologic indicators of clinical progression during canine Leishmania infantum infection","volume":"17","author":"PM Boggiatto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000441","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000441","article-title":"Sand fly salivary proteins induce strong cellular immunity in a natural reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis with adverse consequences for Leishmania","volume":"5","author":"N Collin","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0060535","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T21:19:35Z","timestamp":1688159975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0060535"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Simona","family":"Stager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,5]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0060535","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,5]]}}}