{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T01:31:19Z","timestamp":1773019879417,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]],"date-time":"2013-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372377600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]],"date-time":"2013-06-28T21:34:17Z","timestamp":1372455257000},"page":"e66592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Multivariate Analysis of Dopaminergic Gene Variants as Risk Factors of Heroin Dependence"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Vereczkei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Demetrovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Szekely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Sarkozy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Antal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Szilagyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Sasvari-Szekely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Csaba","family":"Barta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.5.707","article-title":"A twin-family study of alcoholism in women","volume":"151","author":"KS Kendler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.4.687","article-title":"Specificity of genetic and environmental risk factors for use and abuse\/dependence of cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, sedatives, stimulants, and opiates in male twins","volume":"160","author":"KS Kendler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.11.967","article-title":"Co-occurrence of abuse of different drugs in men: the role of drug-specific and shared vulnerabilities","volume":"55","author":"MT Tsuang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00101-X","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on drug use and abuse\/dependence in male and female twins","volume":"52","author":"MB van den Bree","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"325","article-title":"Reward deficiency syndrome: genetic aspects of behavioral disorders","volume":"126","author":"DE Comings","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cognition, Emotion and Autonomic Responses: The Integrative Role of the Prefrontal Cortex and Limbic Structures"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/19208","article-title":"Drug addiction: bad habits add up","volume":"398","author":"TW Robbins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09280.x","article-title":"Associative processes in addiction and reward. The role of amygdala-ventral striatal subsystems","volume":"877","author":"BJ Everitt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/37.5.485","article-title":"GABAergic mechanisms of opiate reinforcement","volume":"37","author":"ZX Xi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440150063027","article-title":"Allelic association of human dopamine D2 receptor gene in alcoholism","volume":"263","author":"K Blum","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.08.004","article-title":"Potential association of DRD2 and DAT1 genetic variation with heroin dependence","volume":"464","author":"QF Hou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470130081033","article-title":"No association between an allele at the D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) and alcoholism","volume":"266","author":"J Gelernter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.10005","article-title":"D2 dopamine receptor gene in psychiatric and neurologic disorders and its phenotypes","volume":"116B","author":"EP Noble","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.20039","article-title":"Identification and characterization of ANKK1: a novel kinase gene closely linked to DRD2 on chromosome band 11q23.1","volume":"23","author":"MJ Neville","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Mutat"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2005.01.003","article-title":"The RIP kinases: crucial integrators of cellular stress","volume":"30","author":"E Meylan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.37","article-title":"Significant association of ANKK1 and detection of a functional polymorphism with nicotine dependence in an African-American sample","volume":"34","author":"W Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1618","article-title":"Identification and characterization of two nuclear factor-kappaB sites in the regulatory region of the dopamine D2 receptor","volume":"148","author":"S Bontempi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"353","article-title":"Nerve growth factor regulates dopamine D(2) receptor expression in prolactinoma cell lines via p75(NGFR)-mediated activation of nuclear factor-kappaB","volume":"16","author":"C Fiorentini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-009-9046-9","article-title":"The ANKK1 kinase gene and psychiatric disorders","volume":"16","author":"G Ponce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/41567","article-title":"Absence of opiate rewarding effects in mice lacking dopamine D2 receptors","volume":"388","author":"R Maldonado","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RC224","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-10-j0004.2002","article-title":"Failure of intravenous morphine to serve as an effective instrumental reinforcer in dopamine D2 receptor knock-out mice","volume":"22","author":"GI Elmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/358149a0","article-title":"Multiple dopamine D4 receptor variants in the human population","volume":"358","author":"HH Van Tol","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.65031157.x","article-title":"Modulation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels by different human dopamine D4 receptor variants","volume":"65","author":"V Asghari","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.12.083","article-title":"Dopamine D2 and D4 receptor heteromerization and its allosteric receptor-receptor interactions","volume":"404","author":"DO Borroto-Escuela","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0196-81","article-title":"Population and familial association between the D4 dopamine receptor gene and measures of Novelty Seeking","volume":"12","author":"J Benjamin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0196-78","article-title":"Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of Novelty Seeking","volume":"12","author":"RP Ebstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.05.025","article-title":"Novelty seeking involved in mediating the association between the dopamine D4 receptor gene exon III polymorphism and heavy drinking in male adolescents: results from a high-risk community sample","volume":"61","author":"M Laucht","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000155980.01792.7f","article-title":"Association of the DRD4 exon III polymorphism with smoking in fifteen-year-olds: a mediating role for novelty seeking","volume":"44","author":"M Laucht","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001082","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the association between DRD4 polymorphism and novelty seeking","volume":"7","author":"AN Kluger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220031000094240","article-title":"Associations between smoking and heritable temperament traits","volume":"5","author":"JF Etter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/105504999305901","article-title":"Personality dimensions and substance misuse: relationships in adolescents, mothers and fathers","volume":"8","author":"S Gabel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"131","article-title":"A developmental behavior-genetic perspective on alcoholism risk","volume":"22","author":"RJ Rose","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcohol Health Res World"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.21.2.139","article-title":"The DRD4 VNTR polymorphism moderates craving after alcohol consumption","volume":"21","author":"KE Hutchison","year":"2002","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0375-6","article-title":"Dopamine D4 receptor polymorphism modulates cue-elicited heroin craving in Chinese","volume":"186","author":"C Shao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2004.12.001","article-title":"Cue-elicited craving for food: a fresh approach to the study of binge eating","volume":"44","author":"L Sobik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.03.010","article-title":"The DRD4 exon 3 VNTR polymorphism and addiction-related phenotypes: a review","volume":"93","author":"J McGeary","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20010108)105:1<84::AID-AJMG1068>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"5\u2032-untranslated region of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"105","author":"CL Barr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp263","article-title":"The effects of COMT (Val108\/158Met) and DRD4 (SNP \u2013521) dopamine genotypes on brain activations related to valence and magnitude of rewards","volume":"20","author":"E Camara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.08.008","article-title":"Functional effects of a tandem duplication polymorphism in the 5\u2032flanking region of the DRD4 gene","volume":"56","author":"UM D\u2019Souza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.0630","article-title":"A genetic polymorphism in the promoter region of DRD4 associated with expression and schizophrenia","volume":"258","author":"Y Okuyama","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19991215)88:6<705::AID-AJMG22>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Tandem duplication polymorphism upstream of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4)","volume":"88","author":"MI Seaman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30444","article-title":"Association between the 120-bp duplication of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: genetic and molecular analyses","volume":"144B","author":"E Kereszturi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.20112","article-title":"A novel A\/G SNP in the -615th position of the dopamine D4 receptor promoter region as a source of misgenotyping of the -616 C\/G SNP","volume":"126B","author":"Z Ronai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01423-6","article-title":"Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy of the new selective COMT inhibitors","volume":"51","author":"PT Mannisto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"84","article-title":"[Association study of the Val158Met polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene and alcoholism and heroin dependence: the role of a family history]","volume":"110","author":"AO Kibitov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/379606a0","article-title":"Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter","volume":"379","author":"B Giros","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(92)90165-8","article-title":"A human dopamine transporter cDNA predicts reduced glycosylation, displays a novel repetitive element and provides racially-dimorphic TaqI RFLPs","volume":"15","author":"DJ Vandenbergh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"74","article-title":"A bayesian view of challenges in feature selection: Feature aggregation, multiple targets, redundancy and interaction. New challenges for feature selection in data mining and knowledge discovery (FSDM)","volume":"4","author":"MA Antal P","year":"2008","journal-title":"JMLR Workshop and Conference Proceedings"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-5-42","article-title":"Candidate gene association study in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia evaluated by Bayesian network based Bayesian multilevel analysis of relevance","volume":"5","author":"O Lautner-Csorba","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33573","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033573","article-title":"Evaluation of a partial genome screening of two asthma susceptibility regions using bayesian network based bayesian multilevel analysis of relevance","volume":"7","author":"I Ungvari","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32025","article-title":"Additive effects of serotonergic and dopaminergic polymorphisms on trait impulsivity","volume":"159B","author":"G Varga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867024606821","article-title":"Noninvasive genotyping of dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) using nanograms of DNA from substance-dependent patients","volume":"9","author":"K Boor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2683()22:6<1102::AID-ELPS1102>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Genotyping the \u2013521C\/T functional polymorphism in the promoter region of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene","volume":"22","author":"Z Ronai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2683(20000601)21:10<2058::AID-ELPS2058>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Rapid and sensitive genotyping of dopamine D4 receptor tandem repeats by automated ultrathin-layer gel electrophoresis","volume":"21","author":"Z Ronai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000986","article-title":"Further evidence for the role of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene in attachment disorganization: interaction of the exon III 48-bp repeat and the \u2013521 C\/T promoter polymorphisms","volume":"7","author":"K Lakatos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"1445","article-title":"Evolution of Haplotypes at the Drd2 Locus","volume":"57","author":"CM Castiglione","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/2.12.2197-a","article-title":"Pcr Detection of the Taqa Rflp at the Drd2 Locus","volume":"2","author":"DK Grandy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Human Molecular Genetics"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01674.x","article-title":"DRD2 haplotypes containing the TaqI A1 allele: Implications for alcoholism research","volume":"20","author":"KK Kidd","year":"1996","journal-title":"Alcoholism-Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-200512000-00008","article-title":"Linkage analysis and molecular haplotyping of the dopamine D4 receptor gene promoter region","volume":"15","author":"E Szantai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30517","article-title":"Dopaminergic candidate genes in Tourette syndrome: Association between tic severity and 3\u2032 UTR polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene","volume":"144B","author":"Z Tarnok","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B-Neuropsychiatric Genetics"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-7543(05)80138-7","article-title":"Human Dopamine Transporter Gene (Dat1) Maps to Chromosome-5p15.3 and Displays a Vntr","volume":"14","author":"DJ Vandenbergh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bth457","article-title":"Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps","volume":"21","author":"JC Barrett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1159\/000119108","article-title":"Likelihood-based association analysis for nuclear families and unrelated subjects with missing genotype data","volume":"66","author":"F Dudbridge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Hered"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(97)00043-X","article-title":"Wrappers for feature subset selection","volume":"97","author":"R Kohavi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"ref64","unstructured":"Pearl J (2000) Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00031-0","article-title":"A genome-wide search for quantitative trait loci influencing substance dependence vulnerability in adolescence","volume":"70","author":"MC Stallings","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000248","article-title":"Excess dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III seven repeat allele in opioid-dependent subjects","volume":"2","author":"M Kotler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000310","article-title":"Association analysis of the dopamine D4 gene exon III VNTR and heroin abuse in Chinese subjects","volume":"2","author":"T Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000918","article-title":"Dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) is associated with Novelty Seeking (NS) and substance abuse: the saga continues","volume":"6","author":"JM Lusher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3109\/15622970903304459","article-title":"Association of VNTR polymorphisms in the MAOA promoter and DRD4 exon 3 with heroin dependence in male Chinese addicts","volume":"11","author":"CC Chien","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000583","article-title":"DRD4 exon III VNTR polymorphism-susceptibility factor for heroin dependence? Results of a case-control and a family-based association approach","volume":"5","author":"P Franke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1086\/301595","article-title":"D4 dopamine-receptor (DRD4) alleles and novelty seeking in substance-dependent, personality-disorder, and control subjects","volume":"61","author":"J Gelernter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8628(20001009)96:5<616::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Association analysis of polymorphisms in the DRD4 gene and heroin abuse in Chinese subjects","volume":"96","author":"T Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.08.064","article-title":"Association study of polymorphisms in the promoter region of DRD4 with schizophrenia, depression, and heroin addiction","volume":"1359","author":"JH Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"28","article-title":"Combined effect of promoter polymorphisms in the dopamine D4 receptor and the serotonin transporter genes in heroin dependence","volume":"7","author":"A Szilagyi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Hung"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"59","article-title":"[Association between nicotine dependence and the \u2013521 promoter polymorfism of the dopamine D4 receptor in patients with major depression]","volume":"11","author":"E Kotyuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Hung"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1432.054","article-title":"Dopamine receptor D4 gene \u2013521C\/T polymorphism is associated with opioid dependence through cold-pain responses","volume":"1139","author":"AM Ho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000563","article-title":"Identification of a polymorphism in the promoter region of DRD4 associated with the human novelty seeking personality trait","volume":"5","author":"Y Okuyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000832","article-title":"Association between Novelty Seeking and the \u2013521 C\/T polymorphism in the promoter region of the DRD4 gene","volume":"6","author":"Z Ronai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.10649","article-title":"DRD4 and novelty seeking: results of meta-analyses","volume":"114","author":"JA Schinka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-3-25","article-title":"Allelic and genotypic associations of DRD2 TaqI A polymorphism with heroin dependence in Spanish subjects: a case control study","volume":"3","author":"J Perez de los Cobos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.06.012","article-title":"Advances in molecular genetics and the prevention and treatment of substance misuse: Implications of association studies of the A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene","volume":"29","author":"RM Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.5.358","article-title":"Case-control study of the D2 dopamine receptor gene and smoking status in lung cancer patients","volume":"90","author":"MR Spitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(93)90113-5","article-title":"Allelic association of the D2 dopamine receptor gene with cocaine dependence","volume":"33","author":"EP Noble","year":"1993","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00483-1","article-title":"D2 dopamine receptor gene TaqI A1 and B1 restriction fragment length polymorphisms: enhanced frequencies in psychostimulant-preferring polysubstance abusers","volume":"40","author":"AM Persico","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30273","article-title":"The Cys allele of the DRD2 Ser311Cys polymorphism has a dominant effect on risk for schizophrenia: evidence from fixed- and random-effects meta-analyses","volume":"141B","author":"SJ Glatt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4552","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504789103","article-title":"A dopamine transporter gene functional variant associated with cocaine abuse in a Brazilian sample","volume":"103","author":"C Guindalini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1007\/s002590000330","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: binding of [99mTc]TRODAT-1 to the dopamine transporter before and after methylphenidate treatment","volume":"27","author":"S Dresel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000562","article-title":"Identification of a novel polymorphism of the human dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene and the significant association with alcoholism","volume":"4","author":"S Ueno","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2007.02.002","article-title":"Role of the COMT gene Val158Met polymorphism in mental disorders: a review","volume":"22","author":"L Hosak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001129","article-title":"Evidence to suggest biased phenotypes in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder from completely ascertained trios","volume":"7","author":"A West","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199602000-00006","article-title":"The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene: a genetic risk factor in smoking","volume":"6","author":"DE Comings","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(94)90127-9","article-title":"D2 dopamine receptor gene and cigarette smoking: a reward gene","volume":"42","author":"EP Noble","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0066592","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T12:41:57Z","timestamp":1746016917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0066592"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Peristera","family":"Paschou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0066592","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,28]]}}}