{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T03:59:47Z","timestamp":1791172787970,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,21]],"date-time":"2013-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371772800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,21]],"date-time":"2013-06-21T21:13:16Z","timestamp":1371849196000},"page":"e67950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":214,"title":["Purification and Characterization of Biofilm-Associated EPS Exopolysaccharides from ESKAPE Organisms and Other Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Patrick M.","family":"Bales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilija Miljkovic","family":"Renke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health (2002) Research on Microbial Biofilms (PA-03-047). National Institutes of Health."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5341","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00786-08","article-title":"Identification of a bile-induced exopolysaccharide required for <italic>Salmonella<\/italic> biofilm formation on gallstone surfaces","volume":"76","author":"RW Crawford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.12.3593-3596.2000","article-title":"Exopolysaccharide production is required for development of <italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic> K-12 biofilm architecture","volume":"182","author":"PN Danese","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8213","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.24.8213-8220.2004","article-title":"Genes involved in the synthesis and degradation of matrix polysaccharide in <italic>Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans<\/italic> and <italic>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae<\/italic> biofilms","volume":"186","author":"JB Kaplan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47146-0","article-title":"Expression of biofilm-associated genes of <italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/italic> in response to glucose and sucrose","volume":"56","author":"M Shemesh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-147-1-3","article-title":"Biofilm exopolysaccharides: a strong and sticky framework","volume":"147","author":"I Sutherland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro821","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases","volume":"2","author":"L Hall-Stoodley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2006.04.018","article-title":"Polysaccharide differences between planktonic and biofilm-associated EPS from <italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens<\/italic> B52","volume":"52","author":"J Kives","year":"2006","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-186","article-title":"Identification, structure, and characterization of an exopolysaccharide produced by <italic>Histophilus somni<\/italic> during biofilm formation","volume":"11","author":"I Sandal","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2415","article-title":"The biofilm matrix","volume":"8","author":"HC Flemming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.4.999-1007.2001","article-title":"Riddle of biofilm resistance","volume":"45","author":"K Lewis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00399-9","article-title":"Extracellular polymeric substances responsible for bacterial adhesion onto solid surface","volume":"223","author":"S Tsuneda","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/595011","article-title":"Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"48","author":"HW Boucher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"945805","article-title":"Characterization of bacterial etiologic agents of biofilm formation in medical devices in critical care setup","volume":"2012","author":"S Revdiwala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Res Pract"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4449","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.14.4449-4456.2004","article-title":"Putative exopolysaccharide synthesis genes influence <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/italic> biofilm development","volume":"186","author":"M Matsukawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1106.06046","article-title":"Biochemical characterization of the exopolysaccharide purified from <italic>Laetiporus sulphureus<\/italic> mycelia","volume":"21","author":"MJ Seo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1223(99)00174-2","article-title":"Methods to extract the exopolymeric matrix from biofilms: A comparative study","volume":"39","author":"J Azeredo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1656(02)00025-1","article-title":"Extraction of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of sludges","volume":"95","author":"H Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008954301470","article-title":"Purification of polysaccharides from a biofilm matrix by selective precipitation of proteins","volume":"13","author":"R Oliveira","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biotechnol Tech"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-39-3-373","article-title":"Depolymerases for bacterial exopolysaccharides obtained from phage-infected bacteria","volume":"39","author":"IW Sutherland","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Andersson S (2009) Characterization of bacterial biofilms for wastewater treatment. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2006.06.058","article-title":"Effect of extraction method on EPS from activated sludge: an HPSEC investigation","volume":"140","author":"S Comte","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"111","article-title":"A comparison of five extraction methods for extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from biofilm by using three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3DEEM) fluorescence spectroscopy","volume":"36","author":"X Pan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water SA"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60111a017","article-title":"Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances","volume":"28","author":"M Dubois","year":"1956","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(94)30003-8","article-title":"Carbohydrate composition analysis of glycoconjugates by gas-liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"230","author":"RK Merkle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(86)18062-1","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of plant cell walls and cell wall components","volume":"118","author":"WS York","year":"1986","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6215(84)85242-8","article-title":"A simple and rapid method for the permethylation of carbohydrates","volume":"131","author":"I Ciucanu","year":"1984","journal-title":"Carbohydr Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(02)00032-5","article-title":"Application of fluorescently labelled lectins for the visualization and biochemical characterization of polysaccharides in biofilms of <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/italic>","volume":"50","author":"M Strathmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06795.x","article-title":"Genetic and biochemical analyses of the <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/italic> Psl exopolysaccharide reveal overlapping roles for polysaccharide synthesis enzymes in Psl and LPS production","volume":"73","author":"MS Byrd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.14.4457-4465.2004","article-title":"Two genetic loci produce distinct carbohydrate-rich structural components of the <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/italic> biofilm matrix","volume":"186","author":"L Friedman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03877.x","article-title":"Genes involved in matrix formation in <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/italic> PA14 biofilms","volume":"51","author":"L Friedman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5427","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.10.5427-5433.1999","article-title":"The intercellular adhesion (ica) locus is present in <italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/italic> and is required for biofilm formation","volume":"67","author":"SE Cramton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3244","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.8.3244-3253.1994","article-title":"Characterization of transposon mutants of biofilm-producing <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/italic> impaired in the accumulative phase of biofilm production: genetic identification of a hexosamine-containing polysaccharide intercellular adhesin","volume":"62","author":"D Mack","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/157.4.713","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a capsular polysaccharide adhesin from <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/italic>","volume":"157","author":"M Tojo","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.58.9.2906-2911.1990","article-title":"Identification of an antigenic marker of slime production for <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/italic>","volume":"58","author":"GD Christensen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref36","volume":"16","unstructured":"Peters GF, Schumacher-Perdreau B, Jansen M, Bay M, Pulverer G (1987) Biology of <italic>S. epidermidis<\/italic> extracellular slime. Zentrabl Bakteriol Suppl <volume>16<\/volume>: : 15\u201332."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01276.x","article-title":"Structure, assembly and regulation of expression of capsules in <italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic>","volume":"31","author":"C Whitfield","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4885","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.16.4885-4893.1996","article-title":"Organization of the <italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic> K-12 gene cluster responsible for production of the extracellular polysaccharide colanic acid","volume":"178","author":"G Stevenson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1150935","article-title":"Structural studies on colanic acid, the common exopolysaccharide found in the <italic>enterobacteriaceae<\/italic>, by partial acid hydrolysis. Oligosaccharides from colanic acid","volume":"115","author":"IW Sutherland","year":"1969","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01570076","article-title":"Demonstration of exopolysaccharide production by enterohemorrhagic <italic>Escherichia coli<\/italic>","volume":"25","author":"AD Junkins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530100729","article-title":"Strains degrading polysaccharides produced by bacteria from paper machines","volume":"57","author":"M Ratto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6215(00)84316-5","article-title":"Primary structure of <italic>Klebsiella<\/italic> serotype 6 capsular polyssacharide","volume":"65","author":"U Els\u00e4sser-Beile","year":"1978","journal-title":"Carbohydr Res"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5953","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00647-09","article-title":"The pgaABCD locus of <italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/italic> encodes the production of poly-beta-1-6-N-acetylglucosamine, which is critical for biofilm formation","volume":"191","author":"AH Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-012-9883-5","article-title":"Flocculating property of extracellular polymeric substances produced by a biofilm-forming bacterium <italic>Acinetobacter junii<\/italic> BB1A","volume":"168","author":"KK Yadav","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09218.x","article-title":"Structural studies of the capsular polysaccharide of <italic>Acinetobacter calcoaceticus<\/italic> BD4","volume":"152","author":"N Kaplan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwh143","article-title":"Glycoprofiling with micro-arrays of glycoconjugates and lectins","volume":"15","author":"S Angeloni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.57.030502.090720","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: an emerging link to disease pathogenesis","volume":"57","author":"MR Parsek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.12.046","article-title":"Evolution of mosaically related tailed bacteriophage genomes seen through the lens of phage P22 virion assembly","volume":"411","author":"SR Casjens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(04)00041-2","article-title":"The interaction of phage and biofilms","volume":"232","author":"IW Sutherland","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)61851-4","article-title":"Catalytic and molecular properties of a phage-induced capsular polysaccharide depolymerase","volume":"246","author":"EC Yurewicz","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-11-3039","article-title":"Biofilm susceptibility to bacteriophage attack: the role of phage-borne polysaccharide depolymerase","volume":"144 (Pt11)","author":"KA Hughes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4693","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.16.4693-4698.2003","article-title":"Detachment of <italic>Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans<\/italic> biofilm cells by an endogenous beta-hexosaminidase activity","volume":"185","author":"JB Kaplan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-006-0790-y","article-title":"Susceptibility of staphylococcal biofilms to enzymatic treatments depends on their chemical composition","volume":"75","author":"P Chaignon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.7.2633-2636.2004","article-title":"Enzymatic detachment of <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/italic> biofilms","volume":"48","author":"JB Kaplan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01249-06","article-title":"Synergistic activity of dispersin B and cefamandole nafate in inhibition of staphylococcal biofilm growth on polyurethanes","volume":"51","author":"G Donelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0067950","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T01:53:11Z","timestamp":1645840391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0067950"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Driks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,21]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0067950","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,21]]}}}