{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T13:14:46Z","timestamp":1785503686290,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375401600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T21:06:34Z","timestamp":1375477594000},"page":"e69969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia in Tropical and Low and Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"David M.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molebogeng X.","family":"Rangaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiana","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris D.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201009-062WR","article-title":"HIV-Associated Pneumocystis Pneumonia","volume":"8(3)","author":"L Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7027.335","article-title":"Disease in children infected wth HIV in Abidjan, Cote d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"312(7027)","author":"SB Lucas","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/145.3.617","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. An uncommon cause of death in African patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"145(3)","author":"YL Abouya","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.5.1243","article-title":"Geographic variation in the humoral response to Pneumocystis carinii","volume":"167(5)","author":"AG Smulian","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1086\/341565","article-title":"Serologic responses to epitopes of the major surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis jiroveci differ in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected persons","volume":"186(5)","author":"KR Daly","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00974.x","article-title":"High seroprevalence of Pneumocystis infection in Spanish children","volume":"10(11)","author":"N Respaldiza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.07.030","article-title":"Evidence for high prevalence of Pneumocystis jirovecii exposure among Cameroonians","volume":"112(2)","author":"SW Nkinin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.09.005","article-title":"Isolates of Pneumocystis jirovecii from Harare show high genotypic similarity to isolates from London at the superoxide dismutase locus","volume":"99(3)","author":"RF Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"374","article-title":"How important is race\/ethnicity as an indicator of risk for specific AIDS-defining conditions?","volume":"10(3)","author":"DJ Hu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.070185","article-title":"Understanding the correlations between wealth, poverty and human immunodeficiency virus infection in African countries","volume":"88(7)","author":"JO Parkhurst","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00078708","article-title":"An ecological analysis of incidence of tuberculosis and per capita gross domestic product","volume":"32(5)","author":"J-P Janssens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.4.864","article-title":"Incidence of primary opportunistic infections in two human immunodeficiency virus-infected French clinical cohorts","volume":"30(4)","author":"Y Yazdanpanah","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(02)00019-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of human pulmonary infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"23(3)","author":"TK Marras","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra032588","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"350(24)","author":"CF Thomas Jr","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"World Bank Indicators. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD<\/ext-link>. Accessed 3 October 2012."},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Prisma Statement. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org\" xlink:type=\"simple\">www.prisma-statement.org<\/ext-link>. Accessed: 3 October 2012."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90237-7","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii as a cause of pneumonia in HIV-infected patients in Lusaka, Zambia","volume":"86(4)","author":"G Machiels","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"295","article-title":"Bronchoscopic study on aetiology of chronic cough in HIV-infected adults with negative sputum smears for Mycobacterium tuberculosis at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi","volume":"83(6)","author":"AM Siika","year":"2006","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"193","article-title":"Aetiology of prolonged fever in antiretroviral-na\u00efve human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults","volume":"16(4)","author":"P Rupali","year":"2003","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1258\/095646203765371312","article-title":"Spectrum of opportunistic infections in hospitalized HIV-infected patients in Phnom Penh, Cambodia","volume":"14(6)","author":"C Senya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1086\/343049","article-title":"Ineffectiveness of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis and the importance of bacterial and viral coinfections in African children with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"35(9)","author":"SA Madhi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.2174\/157016207781662425","article-title":"AIDS-defining illnesses: a comparison between before and after commencement of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)","volume":"5(5)","author":"YLA Lian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2004.07.008","article-title":"Respiratory manifestations in HIV-infected children pre- and post-HAART in Abidjan, the Ivory Coast","volume":"5(4)","author":"A Kouakoussui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Paediatr Resp Rev"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"769","article-title":"Tuberculosis as primary cause of death among AIDS cases in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"12(7)","author":"V Saraceni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1086\/319348","article-title":"Clinical presentation and risk behaviors of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Thailand, 1994\u20131998: regional variation and temporal trends","volume":"32(6)","author":"S Chariyalertsak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.6.8004318","article-title":"Pulmonary disease associated with the human immunodeficiency virus in Kigali, Rwanda. A fiberoptic bronchoscopic study of 111 cases of undetermined etiology","volume":"149(6)","author":"J Batungwanayo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90197-X","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients being registered for smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in Malawi","volume":"95(4)","author":"NJ Hargreaves","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31817efb3c","article-title":"Predictors of pneumocystosis or tuberculosis in HIV-infected Asian patients with AFB smear-negative sputum pneumonia","volume":"48(5)","author":"O Le Minor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91862-0","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Zimbabwe","volume":"346(8985)","author":"AS Malin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"477","article-title":"Pulmonary infections in HIV infected patients","volume":"79(8)","author":"P Mootsikapun","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"1469","article-title":"Clinical features, etiology and short term outcomes of interstitial pneumonitis in HIV\/AIDS patients","volume":"36(6)","author":"S Tansuphasawadikul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"30","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV\/AIDS patients at an urban district hospital in Kenya","volume":"80(1)","author":"JM Chakaya","year":"2003","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199902000-00012","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii severe pneumonia among human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Thailand: the effect of a primary prophylaxis strategy","volume":"18(2)","author":"K Chokephaibulkit","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200201040-00013","article-title":"The high burden of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in African HIV-1-infected children hospitalized for severe pneumonia","volume":"16(1)","author":"DD Ruffini","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200007000-00004","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in South African children infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"19(7)","author":"HJ Zar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11074-7","article-title":"Clinical presentation and outcome of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Malawian children","volume":"355(9201)","author":"SM Graham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"173","article-title":"HIV infection\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome at Siriraj Hospital, 2002: time for secondary prevention","volume":"87(2)","author":"T Anekthananon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knauer A, Das AK, Tansuphasawadikul S, Supanaranond W, Pitisuttithum P, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2005) Clinical features, aetiology and short-term outcome of interstitial pneumonitis in HIV\/AIDS patients at Bamrasnaradura hospital, Nonthaburi, Thailand. Wien Klin Wochenschr (Suppl 4): 49\u201355.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-005-0448-2"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2001.tb00270.x","article-title":"Aetiology and outcome of pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children hospitalized in South Africa","volume":"90(2)","author":"HJ Zar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.1998.tb11553.x","article-title":"A study of chest infections in HIV seropositive patients in Kuala Lumpur","volume":"52(1)","author":"E Wood","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462971919660","article-title":"A study of Malaysian drug addicts with human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"8(2)","author":"KY Yoong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Natural history of HIV infection in Filipino female commercial sex workers","volume":"7(11)","author":"CR Manaloto","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1010.030985","article-title":"Current epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"10(10)","author":"A Morris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"131","article-title":"AIDS in Israel, 1987","volume":"24(3)","author":"Y Siegman-Igra","year":"1988","journal-title":"Isr J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"321","article-title":"Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS in Bahrain","volume":"29(4)","author":"MK al-Haddad","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"756","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in African miners at autopsy","volume":"10(7)","author":"ML Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Hoz RE, Stephens G, Sherlock C (2002) Diagnosis and treatment approaches of CMV infections in adult patients. J Clin Virol (Suppl 2): S1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00091-4"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2009.01534.x","article-title":"HIV-associated opportunistic pneumonias","volume":"14(4)","author":"L Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"1070","article-title":"Predicting mortality from HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia at illness presentation: an observational cohort study","volume":"64(12)","author":"MW Fei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200309260-00012","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of major opportunistic infections of the respiratory tract in persons with AIDS: Europe, 1993\u20132000","volume":"17(14)","author":"D Serraino","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"1352","article-title":"Timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy in AIDS-free HIV-1-infected patients: a collaborative analysis of 18 HIV cohort studies","volume":"373(9672)","author":"Consortium When To Start","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"687","article-title":"Characteristics of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Brazil","volume":"48(5)","author":"ED Moreira J\u00fanior","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"437","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV infected patients from Mumbai","volume":"53","author":"ZF Udwadia","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-4-52","article-title":"Spectrum of clinical disease in a series of 135 hospitalised HIV-infected patients from north India","volume":"4","author":"SK Sharma","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-4-47","article-title":"AIDS-defining illnesses among patients with HIV in Singapore, 1985 to 2001: results from the Singapore HIV Observational Cohort Study (SHOCS)","volume":"4","author":"R Bellamy","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"187","article-title":"AIDS-related opportunistic infections in Hospital Kuala Lumpur","volume":"56(5\u20136)","author":"V Nissapatorn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"16","article-title":"Spectrum of opportunistic infections in AIDS cases","volume":"57(1)","author":"A Singh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2003.44.3.363","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of HIV infection\/AIDS in Korea","volume":"44(3)","author":"JM Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"822","article-title":"The spectrum of HIV-related disease in rural Central Thailand","volume":"33(4)","author":"D Inverarity","year":"2002","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1086\/344756","article-title":"Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus disease in Southern India","volume":"36(1)","author":"N Kumarasamy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462042395159","article-title":"Opportunistic infections in hospitalized HIV-infected adults in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15(11)","author":"JK Louie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"123","article-title":"Pulmonary infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Taiwan","volume":"99(2)","author":"CT Fang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"1524","article-title":"Spectrum of opportunistic infections and malignancies in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection in South Korea","volume":"29(6)","author":"MD Oh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-199908010-00011","article-title":"Clinical presentation of hospitalized adult patients with HIV infection and AIDS in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"21(4)","author":"S Tansuphasawadikul","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"686","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory profile of sixty patients with AIDS: a South Indian study","volume":"27(4)","author":"J George","year":"1996","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref66","unstructured":"Nissapatorn V, Lee CKC, Rohela M, Anuar AK (2004) Spectrum of opportunistic infections among HIV-infected patients in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health (Suppl 2): 26\u201332."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/095646249400500410","article-title":"Survival and medical intervention in southern Brazilian AIDS patients","volume":"5(4)","author":"B Santos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"566","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infected patients seen at a general hospital in Singapore","volume":"26(5)","author":"BH Tan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"440","article-title":"Clinical study of HIV disease in the lower area of northern Thailand in 1994","volume":"77(8)","author":"A Swasdisevi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1993.tb01305.x","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of 174 AIDS cases in Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital","volume":"20(7)","author":"P Vithayasai","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"62","article-title":"Opportunistic infections and HIV clinical disease stage among patients presenting for care in Phnom Penh, Cambodia","volume":"38(1)","author":"BN Kong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"236","article-title":"Comparing the first and second hundred AIDS cases in Hong Kong","volume":"39(6)","author":"KH Wong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmi018","article-title":"Age related clinical manifestations of HIV infection in Indian children","volume":"51(5)","author":"I Shah","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"42","article-title":"Demographic &amp; clinical profile of HIV infected children accessing care at Tambaram, Chennai, India","volume":"129(1)","author":"S Rajasekaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120500201755","article-title":"Trends in HIV-related morbidity among patients admitted to a South Indian tertiary hospital between 1997 and 2003","volume":"18(4)","author":"SS Solomon","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652008000600003","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological analysis of patients with HIV\/AIDS admitted to a reference hospital in the northeast region of Brazil","volume":"50(6)","author":"VY Soares","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"203","article-title":"Clinical description of children with HIV\/AIDS admitted at a referral hospital in Addis Ababa","volume":"39(3)","author":"A Bedri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/00130478-200104000-00003","article-title":"The etiology and outcome of pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children admitted to intensive care in a developing country","volume":"2(2)","author":"HJ Zar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"577","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii infection among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected Myanmar patients","volume":"34(3)","author":"Rai-Mra Kay-Thwe-Han","year":"2003","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"626","article-title":"A community-based study of the incidence of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-preventable infections in Malawian adults living with HIV","volume":"39(5)","author":"JJ van Oosterhout","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1302.060462","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-positive adults, Malawi","volume":"13(2)","author":"JJG van Oosterhout","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Inf Dis"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540701474508","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and other pulmonary infections in TB smear-negative HIV-positive patients with atypical chest X-ray in Ethiopia","volume":"39(11\u201312)","author":"G Aderaye","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"420","article-title":"Aetiology and presentation of HIV\/AIDS-associated pulmonary infections in patients presenting for bronchoscopy at a referral hospital in northern Tanzania","volume":"84(9)","author":"GS Kibiki","year":"2007","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"131","article-title":"Spectrum of clinical and laboratory characteristics of HIV infection in northern India","volume":"27(3)","author":"TK Giri","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181ce871e","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia in South African children with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"29(6)","author":"BM Morrow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200008010-00013","article-title":"Clinical spectrum, morbidity, and mortality of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Taiwan: a 5-year prospective study","volume":"24(4)","author":"CC Hung","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"716","article-title":"HIV infection and AIDS in Jerusalem: a microcosm of illness in Israel","volume":"32(9)","author":"AE Moses","year":"1996","journal-title":"Isr J Med Sci"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(93)90418-P","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and tuberculosis in Tanzanian patients infected with HIV","volume":"87(1)","author":"C Atzori","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1086\/339540","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality in South African gold miners: impact of untreated disease due to human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"34(9)","author":"EL Corbett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90167-W","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii is rare in AIDS in Central Africa","volume":"85(1)","author":"B Carme","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"907","article-title":"Aetiology and outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia in children admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit","volume":"92(11)","author":"SD Delport","year":"2002","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1179\/027249304225019046","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii in children with severe pneumonia at Mulago Hospital, Uganda","volume":"24(3)","author":"S Bakeera-Kitaka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1997.11747874","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in Malawian children","volume":"17(2)","author":"Y Kamiya","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1179\/136485913X13789813917580","article-title":"Prevalences of Pneumocystis jiroveci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Streptococcus pnrumoniae infection in children with severe pneumonia, in a tertiary referral hospital in northern Tanzania","volume":"100(3)","author":"J Uriyo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmm036","article-title":"Children with human immunodeficiency virus infection admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit in South Africa","volume":"53(4)","author":"H Rabie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"528","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia in Thai patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"38(3)","author":"R Narata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"298","article-title":"HIV infection in Malaysia: a report of cases seen at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur","volume":"50(4)","author":"R Ismail","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"key":"ref98","first-page":"731","article-title":"The demography, clinical manfestations and natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in an older population in Singapore","volume":"26(6)","author":"CC Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651993000200004","article-title":"Respiratory complications in Brazilian patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"34(6)","author":"A Weinberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651999000100006","article-title":"Fever of undetermined origin in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Brazil: report on 55 cases","volume":"41(1)","author":"JR Lambertucci","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S Paulo"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(02)90129-3","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiologic aspects of human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected children in Buenos Aires, Argentina","volume":"6(1)","author":"AA Fallo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"135","article-title":"Pattern of opportunistic pulmonary infections in HIV sero-positive subjects: observations from Pondicherry, India","volume":"41(3)","author":"VK Arora","year":"1999","journal-title":"Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci"},{"key":"ref103","first-page":"291","article-title":"Identification of Pneumocystis carinii in induced sputum of AIDS patients in Chennai (Madras)","volume":"43(3)","author":"MM Usha","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref104","first-page":"239","article-title":"Clinical profile of HIV infection","volume":"38(3)","author":"RH Merchant","year":"2001","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02724249","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of HIV infected children","volume":"70(8)","author":"P Madhivanan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0069969","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T23:33:04Z","timestamp":1715815984000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0069969"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sten H.","family":"Vermund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0069969","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]}}}