{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:09:28Z","timestamp":1790834968193,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,23]],"date-time":"2013-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374537600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,24]],"date-time":"2013-07-24T11:51:06Z","timestamp":1374666666000},"page":"e70254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Enhancing Psychosocial Support for HIV Positive Adolescents in Harare, Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Webster","family":"Mavhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Berwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petronella","family":"Chirawu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Memory","family":"Makamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Copas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Dirawo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Willis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Araya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie A.","family":"Abas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth L.","family":"Corbett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Mungofa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Laver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances M.","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2012) Regional Fact Sheet 2012. Geneva: UNAIDS."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2011.02458.x","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mother-to-child transmission and prevention: successes and controversies","volume":"270","author":"M Cavarelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2011) UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report; How to get to zero: Faster, Smarter, Better. Geneva: UNAIDS."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2009) AIDS Epidemic Update. Geneva Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS."},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2012) Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (2009) Zimbabwe National HIV and AIDS Estimates 2009. Harare: MOHCW."},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (2012) Global AIDS Response: Zimbabwe Country Report 2012. Harare: MOHCW."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000178","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000178","article-title":"Causes of acute hospitalization in adolescence: burden and spectrum of HIV-related morbidity in a country with an early-onset and severe HIV epidemic: a prospective survey","volume":"7","author":"RA Ferrand","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1086\/511878","article-title":"HIV infection presenting in older children and adolescents: a case series from Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"44","author":"RA Ferrand","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Parsons R (2012) One day this will all be over: Growing up with HIV in eastern Zimbabwe. Harare: Weaver Press."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000227","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000227","article-title":"Adolescent HIV\u2013cause for concern in Southern Africa","volume":"7","author":"GE Gray","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandason T, Langhaug LF, Makamba M, Laver S, Hatzold K, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2013) Burden of HIV among primary school children and feasibility of primary school-linked HIV testing in Harare, Zimbabwe: A mixed methods study. AIDS Care. <comment>doi:<ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2013.780120\" xlink:type=\"simple\">10.1080\/09540121.2013.780120<\/ext-link><\/comment>","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2013.780120"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"5","article-title":"The psychosocial and health care needs of HIV-positive people in the United Kingdom: a review","volume":"5","author":"G Green","year":"2004","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000298104.02356.b3","article-title":"Long-term psychosocial challenges for people living with HIV: let\u2019s not forget the individual in our global response to the pandemic","volume":"21","author":"RH Remien","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.4.e61","article-title":"Reported adherence as a determinant of response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in children who have human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"109","author":"RB Van Dyke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00183-4","article-title":"Efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected children","volume":"2","author":"AM van Rossum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000214994.44346.d3","article-title":"Outcomes for human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected infants in the United kingdom and Republic of Ireland in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy","volume":"25","author":"K Doerholt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1086\/505213","article-title":"Clinical outcomes improve with highly active antiretroviral therapy in vertically HIV type-1-infected children","volume":"43","author":"S Resino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1086\/431199","article-title":"Efficacy of antiretroviral therapy programs in resource-poor settings: a meta-analysis of the published literature","volume":"41","author":"LC Ivers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200003100-00008","article-title":"Adherence to protease inhibitors, HIV-1 viral load, and development of drug resistance in an indigent population","volume":"14","author":"DR Bangsberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-1-200007040-00004","article-title":"Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection","volume":"133","author":"DL Paterson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181ed2af3","article-title":"Long-term outcome of children receiving antiretroviral treatment in rural South Africa: substantial virologic failure on first-line treatment","volume":"30","author":"RE Barth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10203","article-title":"Antiretroviral drug resistance among HIV-1 infected children failing treatment","volume":"68","author":"J Mullen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1086\/374358","article-title":"Incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated opportunistic diseases and the effect of treatment on a cohort of 1115 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, 1989\u20131997","volume":"36","author":"FJ San-Andres","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Bangsberg D (2004) Factors impacting adherence. In: Jani A, editor. Adherence to antiretroviral treatment regimens Recommendations for best practice: APHA. 20\u201325."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318199072e","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy adherence, virologic and immunologic outcomes in adolescents compared with adults in southern Africa","volume":"51","author":"JB Nachega","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52856","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052856","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy outcomes among adolescents and youth in rural Zimbabwe","volume":"7","author":"H Bygrave","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012715","article-title":"A randomized trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for adherence and depression in HIV infected individuals","volume":"28","author":"S Safren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3503_5","article-title":"Long term outcomes of an Australian universal prevention trial of anxiety and depression symptoms in children and youth: an evaluation of the FRIENDS programme","volume":"35","author":"P Barrett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"78","article-title":"Universal prevention with children in Australia of former-Yugoslavian, Chinese and mixed ethnic backgrounds","volume":"18","author":"P Barrett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behaviour change"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18468","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.1.18468","article-title":"Children\u2019s role in the community response to HIV in Zimbabwe","volume":"16","author":"M Skovdal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (2009) National psychosocial support training manual for children living with HIV and AIDS. Harare: MOHCW."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3233\/EFI-2004-22201","article-title":"Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects","volume":"22","author":"A Shenton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Education for Information"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaccard J, Dodge T, Dittus P (2002) Parent-adolescent communication about sex and birth control: a conceptual framework. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev: 9\u201341.","DOI":"10.1002\/cd.48"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaccard J, Litardo HA, Wan CK (1999) Subjective Culture and Social Behavior. In: Adamopoulos J, Kashima, Y, editor. Social Psychology and Cultural Context. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 95\u2013106.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452220550.n7"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Save the Children Fund (2000) Involving young researchers: How to enable young people to design and conduct research. London: Save the Children."},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Save the Children Fund (2000) Young people as researchers. London: Save the Children."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02137.x","article-title":"The Regai Dzive Shiri Project: a cluster randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a multi-component community-based HIV prevention intervention for rural youth in Zimbabwe\u2013study design and baseline results","volume":"13","author":"FM Cowan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833e77c9","article-title":"The Regai Dzive Shiri project: results of a randomized trial of an HIV prevention intervention for youth","volume":"24","author":"FM Cowan","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Zimbabwe Central Statistical Office (2007) Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) 2005\u201306. Calverton: Macro International."},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"National AIDS Council, Ministry of Health and Child Welfare, Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council (2002) The Zimbabwe young adult survey (YAS) 2001\u20132002 Harare: NAC, MOHCW and ZNFPC."},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Moussa Z (2009) Rivers of Life. In: Ashley H, Kenton N, Milligan A, editors. Participatory Learning and Action. Nottingham: IIED. 183\u2013186."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794107085301","article-title":"Naturalistic inquiry and the saturation concept: a research note","volume":"8","author":"G Bowen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Qualitative Research"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb10134.x","article-title":"The Shona Symptom Questionnaire: the development of an indigenous measure of common mental disorders in Harare","volume":"95","author":"V Patel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attride-Stirling J (2001) Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research 1.","DOI":"10.1177\/146879410100100307"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children (2011) Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection. Bethesda, MD: The National Institutes of Health."},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Tashakkori A, Teddie C (1998) Mixed methodology: combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. London: Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Creswell J (2003) Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. London: Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1558689808326272","article-title":"Mixed methods research in the health sciences: a quiet revolution","volume":"3","author":"A O\u2019Cathain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Mixed Methods Research"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2010.490257","article-title":"A novel tool to assess community norms and attitudes to multiple and concurrent sexual partnering in rural Zimbabwe: participatory attitudinal ranking","volume":"23","author":"W Mavhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2006.01.009","article-title":"Mental health and sexual risk behaviours in a South African township: a community-based cross-sectional study","volume":"120","author":"J Smit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61238-0","article-title":"No health without mental health","volume":"370","author":"M Prince","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-010-9261-6","article-title":"High prevalence of affective disorders among adolescents living in Rural Zimbabwe","volume":"35","author":"LF Langhaug","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9435-8","article-title":"Anxiety and depression symptoms as risk factors for non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy in Brazil","volume":"14","author":"LN Campos","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9496-8","article-title":"Mental health considerations in secondary HIV prevention","volume":"14","author":"CI Grossman","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9650-y","article-title":"Mental health treatment to reduce HIV transmission risk behavior: a positive prevention model","volume":"14","author":"KJ Sikkema","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1745","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0493","article-title":"Predictors of adherence to antiretroviral medications in children and adolescents with HIV infection","volume":"118","author":"PL Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31816dd325","article-title":"A systematic review of pediatric adherence to antiretroviral therapy in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"27","author":"RC Vreeman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref59","unstructured":"Global Network of People Living with HIV, UNAIDS (2011) Positive Health, Dignity and Prevention: A Policy Framework. Amsterdam: GNP+ &amp; UNAIDS."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rueda S, Park-Wyllie LY, Bayoumi AM, Tynan AM, Antoniou TA, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2006) Patient support and education for promoting adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV\/AIDS. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD001442.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001442.pub2"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"78","article-title":"Universal prevention with children in Australia of former-Yugoslavian, Chinese and mixed ethnic backgrounds","volume":"18","author":"PM Barrett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behaviour Change"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp3503_5","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of an Australian universal prevention trial of anxiety and depression symptoms in children and youth: an evaluation of the friends program","volume":"35","author":"PM Barrett","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1375\/bech.20.1.25.24843","article-title":"A universal prevention trial of anxiety symptomatology during childhood: results of one year follow up","volume":"20","author":"H Lowry-Webster","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behaviour change"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012715","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence and depression (CBT-AD) in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"28","author":"SA Safren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"ref65","unstructured":"WHO (2004) Prevention of mental disorders: effective interventions and policy options: summary report. Geneva: WHO."},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"14","article-title":"A review of HIV antiretroviral adherence and intervention studies among HIV-infected youth","volume":"17","author":"SL Reisner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Top HIV Med"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1759-5436.2009.00007.x","article-title":"Perspectives on intergenerational vulnerability for adolescents affected by HIV: An argument for voice and visibility","volume":"40","author":"JaK Edstrom","year":"2009","journal-title":"IDS Bulletin"},{"key":"ref68","unstructured":"Jones A (2004) Involving Children and Young People as Researchers: Issues, Ethics and Practice. In: Fraser S, Lewis V, Ding S, Kellett M, Robinson C, editors. Doing Research with Children and Young People. London: Open University\/Sage. 113\u2013130."},{"key":"ref69","unstructured":"Freire P (1993) Pedagogy of the Oppressed. London: Penguin."}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0070254","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,19]],"date-time":"2019-07-19T02:44:17Z","timestamp":1563504257000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0070254"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"D. William","family":"Cameron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,23]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0070254","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,23]]}}}