{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T17:35:25Z","timestamp":1779903325077,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,6]],"date-time":"2013-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375747200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hexavalent chromium [Cr(IV)], a well-known industrial waste product and an environmental pollutant, is recognized as a human carcinogen. But its mechanisms of carcinogenicity remain unclear, and recent studies suggest that DNA methylation may play an important role in the carcinogenesis of Cr(IV). The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of Cr(IV) on cell cycle progress, global DNA methylation, and DNA methylation of p16 gene. A human B lymphoblastoid cell line and a human lung cell line A549 were exposed to 5\u201315 \u00b5M potassium dichromate or 1.25\u20135 \u00b5g\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> lead chromate for 2\u201324 hours. Cell cycle was arrested at G<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> phase by both compounds in 24 hours exposure group, but global hypomethylation occurred earlier than cell cycle arrest, and the hypomethylation status maintained for more than 20 hours. The mRNA expression of p16 was significantly up-regulated by Cr(IV), especially by potassium dichromate, and the mRNA expression of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK4 and CDK6) was significantly down-regulated. But protein expression analysis showed very little change of p16 gene. Both qualitative and quantitative results showed that DNA methylation status of p16 remained unchanged. Collectively, our data suggested that global hypomethylation was possibly responsible for Cr(IV) - induced G<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> phase arrest,but DNA methylation might not be related to up-regulation of p16 gene by Cr(IV).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,6]],"date-time":"2013-08-06T17:05:23Z","timestamp":1375808723000},"page":"e71031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["RETRACTED: Role of DNA Methylation in Cell Cycle Arrest Induced by Cr (VI) in Two Cell Lines"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jianlin","family":"Lou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunji","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingzhi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanxiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kecheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0071031-MartinezZamudio1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.6.7.16250","article-title":"Environmental epigenetics in metal exposure","volume":"6","author":"R Martinez-Zamudio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"pone.0071031-Gibb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0274(200008)38:2<115::AID-AJIM1>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Lung cancer among workers in chromium chemical production","volume":"38","author":"HJ Gibb","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"pone.0071031-Holmes1","first-page":"353","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium","volume":"128","author":"AL Holmes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"pone.0071031-Wolffe1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.481","article-title":"Epigenetics: regulation through repression","volume":"286","author":"AP Wolffe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0071031-Choo1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Epigenetics in disease and cancer","volume":"33","author":"KB Choo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malays J Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0071031-Rusiecki1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11338","article-title":"Global DNA hypomethylation is associated with high serum-persistent organic pollutants in Greenlandic Inuit","volume":"116","author":"JA Rusiecki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"pone.0071031-Klein1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s5739","article-title":"Chromate-induced epimutations in mammalian cells","volume":"110","author":"CB Klein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"pone.0071031-Labra1","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Genetic and DNA-methylation changes induced by potassium dichromate in Brassica napus L. 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