{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T19:58:43Z","timestamp":1762459123148},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,10]],"date-time":"2013-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378771200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,11]],"date-time":"2013-09-11T09:22:10Z","timestamp":1378891330000},"page":"e73556","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pregnancy in HIV Clinical Trials in Sub Saharan Africa: Failure of Consent or Contraception?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Agnes","family":"Ssali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Namukwaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Bufumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Seeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"G. Lalloo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anatoli","family":"Kamali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosalind","family":"Parkes-Ratanshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Guengant J-P, May JF (2001) Impact of the proximate determinants on the future course of fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. UN\/POP\/PFD\/2001\/3. Available: http:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/population\/publications\/prospectsdecline\/guengant.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Aug 2."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"UNFPA (2009) UNFPA Uganda Reproductive Health. Available: http:\/\/countryofficeunfpaorg\/uganda\/2009\/09\/10\/1283\/information\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Aug 5."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Khan S, Bradley SEK, Fishel J, Mishra V (2008) Unmet Need and the Demand for Family Planning in Uganda. Further Analysis of the Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys, 1995\u20132006. USAID Report. Available: http:\/\/www.measuredhs.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FA60\/FA60.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Aug 5."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000229","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000229","article-title":"Impact of antiretroviral therapy on incidence of pregnancy among HIV-infected women in Sub-Saharan Africa: a cohort study","volume":"7","author":"L Myer","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-006-9126-2","article-title":"Desire for children and pregnancy risk behavior among HIV-infected men and women in Uganda","volume":"10","author":"S Nakayiwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-247","article-title":"My partner wants a child: a cross-sectional study of the determinants of the desire for children among mutually disclosed sero-discordant couples receiving care in Uganda","volume":"10","author":"J Beyeza-Kashesya","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4149","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004149","article-title":"Reproductive intentions and outcomes among women on antiretroviral therapy in rural Uganda: a prospective cohort study","volume":"4","author":"J Homsy","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2008.1160","article-title":"Knowledge, use, and concerns about contraceptive methods among sero-discordant couples in Rwanda and Zambia","volume":"18","author":"K Grabbe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2000) UNAIDS Sponsored Regional Workshops to Discuss Ethical Issues in Preventive HIV Vaccine Trials \u2013 Report. Available: wwwunaidsorg\/en\/media\/unaids\/contentassets\/\/irc\/una00-36_enpdf. Accessed 2013 Aug 5."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2000) Ethical Considerations in HIV Preventive Vaccine Research, UNAIDS guidance document. Available: http:\/\/dataunaidsorg\/publications\/IRC-pub01\/jc072-ethicalcons_enpdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Aug 5."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Tolley E (2006) Ethical issues related to pregnancy during microbicide trials. Microbicides 2006 Conference, Cape Town Invited lecture."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.105700","article-title":"Population-level impact of hormonal contraception on incidence of HIV infection and pregnancy in women in Durban, South Africa","volume":"90","author":"G Ramjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Rountree W (2006) Change in sexual behaviour post-pregnancy in the Savvy Ghana trial. Microbicides 2006 Conference, Cape Town,: Abstract OB17."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70245-6","article-title":"Primary prophylaxis of cryptococcal disease with fluconazole in HIV-positive Ugandan adults: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"R Parkes-Ratanshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Microbicides Development, Programme (2009) MDP 301 Protocol. Available: http:\/\/wwwmdpmrcacuk\/publications_documents\/MDP301_20_130208pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2012 Oct 16."},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"519492","article-title":"Associations between HIV Antiretroviral Therapy and the Prevalence and Incidence of Pregnancy in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"2011","author":"FE Makumbi","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Res Treat"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn345","article-title":"A little bit pregnant: modeling how the accurate detection of pregnancy can improve HIV prevention trials","volume":"169","author":"CA Schreiber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Schreiber CA (2006) The impact of pregnancy on microbicide clinical trials. . Microbicides 2006 Conference, Cape Town PB67."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2010.543879","article-title":"User experiences and acceptability attributes of the diaphragm and lubricant gel in an HIV prevention trial in southern Africa","volume":"23","author":"NN Sahin-Hodoglugil","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000148301.90343.3a","article-title":"Predictors of diaphragm use as a potential sexually transmitted disease\/HIV prevention method in Zimbabwe","volume":"32","author":"A van der Straten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000247225.37752.f5","article-title":"Beyond the checklist: assessing understanding for HIV vaccine trial participation in South Africa","volume":"43","author":"G Lindegger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000152039.88422.ec","article-title":"Motivations for participating in an HIV vaccine efficacy trial","volume":"39","author":"G Colfax","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S30759","article-title":"'It's not about money, it's about my health': determinants of participation and adherence among women in an HIV-HSV2 prevention trial in Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"6","author":"C Macphail","year":"2012","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2012.717305","article-title":"Motivations for, and perceptions and experiences of participating in, a cluster randomised controlled trial of a HIV-behavioural intervention in rural South Africa","volume":"14","author":"R Jewkes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2006.10.006","article-title":"Intervening with couples: assessing contraceptive outcomes in a randomized pregnancy and HIV\/STD risk reduction intervention trial","volume":"17","author":"JM Kraft","year":"2007","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Institute G Unmet need for contraception in Developing Countries: levels and reasons for not using a methods. Available: http:\/\/www,guttmacherorg\/pubs\/2007\/07\/09\/or37pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 June 25."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2307\/2137892","article-title":"Menstruation requirements: a significant barrier to contraceptive access in developing countries","volume":"28","author":"J Stanback","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-5-31","article-title":"Contraception use and pregnancy among 15\u201324 year old South African women: a nationally representative cross-sectional survey","volume":"5","author":"C MacPhail","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2004.10.013","article-title":"Birth intervals and injectable contraception in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"71","author":"K Ngianga-Bakwin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"68","article-title":"Increased use of injectable contraception in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"16","author":"JA Ross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5164","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005164","article-title":"Contraceptive use in women enrolled into preventive HIV vaccine trials: experience from a phase I\/II trial in East Africa","volume":"4","author":"H Kibuuka","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69738-9","article-title":"Sexual abstinence, contraception, and condom use by young African women: a secondary analysis of survey data","volume":"368","author":"J Cleland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2007.19.4.310","article-title":"Changes in sexual behavior during a safety and feasibility trial of a microbicide\/diaphragm combination: an integrated qualitative and quantitative analysis","volume":"19","author":"G Guest","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Marrazzo J (2013) VOICE: Oral TDF, Oral TDF\/3TC, Vaginal TFV Gel as PrEP in African Women. CROI Abstract 26LB."}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0073556","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T00:39:26Z","timestamp":1646527166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0073556"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Omar","family":"Sued","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,10]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0073556","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,10]]}}}