{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:39:46Z","timestamp":1790174386610,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,21]],"date-time":"2013-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377043200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,21]],"date-time":"2013-08-21T17:04:26Z","timestamp":1377104666000},"page":"e73644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["B Cell Deficient Mice Are Protected from Biliary Obstruction in the Rotavirus-Induced Mouse Model of Biliary Atresia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Amy G.","family":"Feldman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika K.","family":"Fenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Pelanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cara L.","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"307","article-title":"Clues to the etiology of bile duct injury in biliary atresia. Semin Liver","volume":"32","author":"CL Mack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dis."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-985068","article-title":"The pathogenesis of biliary atresia: evidence for a virus-induced autoimmune disease","volume":"27","author":"CL Mack","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21790","article-title":"Screening and outcomes in biliary atresia: summary of a National Institutes of Health workshop","volume":"46","author":"RJ Sokol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20547","article-title":"Outcome in adulthood of biliary atresia: a study of 63 patients who survived for over 20 years with their native liver","volume":"41","author":"P Lykavieris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200307000-00003","article-title":"Pathogenesis and outcome of biliary atresia: current concepts","volume":"37","author":"RJ Sokol","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.1.8","article-title":"Detection of group C rotavirus in infants with extrahepatic biliary atresia","volume":"174","author":"M Riepenhoff-Talty","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270603","article-title":"Detection of reovirus RNA in hepatobiliary tissues from patients with extrahepatic biliary atresia and choledochal cysts","volume":"27","author":"KL Tyler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s100249900083","article-title":"Biliary atresia and cytomegalovirus infection: a DNA study","volume":"2","author":"GP Jevon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199302000-00001","article-title":"Genetics, immunology, and biliary atresia: an opening or a diversion?","volume":"16","author":"RA Schreiber","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(94)90377-8","article-title":"Extrahepatic biliary atresia: a first-trimester event? Clues from light microscopy and immunohistochemistry","volume":"29","author":"CE Tan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"394","article-title":"Group A rotaviruses produce extrahepatic biliary obstruction in orally inoculated newborn mice","volume":"33","author":"M Riepenhoff-Talty","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80283-3","article-title":"Diverse morphology of biliary atresia in an animal model","volume":"28","author":"C Petersen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.01.012","article-title":"Armed CD4+ Th1 effector cells and activated macrophages participate in bile duct injury in murine biliary atresia","volume":"115","author":"CL Mack","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200421153","article-title":"Obstruction of extrahepatic bile ducts by lymphocytes is regulated by IFN-gamma in experimental biliary atresia","volume":"114","author":"P Shivakumar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21366","article-title":"Cellular and humoral autoimmunity directed at bile duct epithelia in murine biliary atresia","volume":"44","author":"CL Mack","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.04.031","article-title":"Effector role of neonatal hepatic CD8+ lymphocytes in epithelial injury and autoimmunity in experimental biliary atresia","volume":"133","author":"P Shivakumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051438","article-title":"B cell-deficient NOD.H-2h4 mice have CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells that inhibit the development of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"203","author":"S Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.1.51","article-title":"A new role for B cells in systemic autoimmunity: B cells promote spontaneous T cell activation in MRL-lpr\/lpr mice","volume":"160","author":"O Chan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.6.3781","article-title":"Antigen-specific B cells are required as APCs and autoantibody-producing cells for induction of severe autoimmune arthritis","volume":"174","author":"SK O\u2019Neill","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3912","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.8.3912","article-title":"B lymphocytes are critical antigen-presenting cells for the initiation of T cell-mediated autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice","volume":"161","author":"DV Serreze","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.11.030","article-title":"B cell-directed therapies for autoimmune disease and correlates of disease response and relapse","volume":"121","author":"MC Levesque","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1981.tb01779.x","article-title":"Immunoglobulin deposits in the biliary remnants of extrahepatic biliary atresia: a study by immunoperoxidase staining in 128 infants","volume":"5","author":"M Hadchouel","year":"1981","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.07.042","article-title":"Alpha-enolase autoantibodies cross-reactive to viral proteins in a mouse model of biliary atresia","volume":"139","author":"BR Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21508","article-title":"Identification of a novel autoantigen in inflammatory bowel disease by protein microarray","volume":"17","author":"N Vermeulen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.2.865","article-title":"B cell progenitors are arrested in maturation but have intact VDJ recombination in the absence of Ig-alpha and Ig-beta","volume":"169","author":"R Pelanda","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7696","article-title":"Mutations in Igalpha (CD79a) result in a complete block in B-cell development","volume":"104","author":"Y Minegishi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5260.411","article-title":"Regulation of an early developmental checkpoint in the B cell pathway by Ig beta","volume":"272","author":"S Gong","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01921.x","article-title":"Cholangiocytes as immune modulators in rotavirus-induced murine biliary atresia","volume":"29","author":"BH Barnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-12-129262","article-title":"Analysis of regulatory T-cell changes in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura receiving B cell-depleting therapy with rituximab","volume":"112","author":"R Stasi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4900","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101844","article-title":"B cell depletion enhances T regulatory cell activity essential in the suppression of arthritis","volume":"187","author":"KM Hamel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2006.12.006","article-title":"Increased expression of the FoxP3 functional marker of regulatory T cells following B cell depletion with rituximab in patients with lupus nephritis","volume":"123","author":"PP Sfikakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242471","article-title":"Lymphotoxin alpha(1) beta(2) expression on B cells is required for follicular dendritic cell activation during the germinal center response","volume":"43","author":"RC Myers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102ra194","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002069","article-title":"Dendritic cells regulate natural killer cell activation and epithelial injury in experimental biliary atresia","volume":"3","author":"V Saxena","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.7.3592","article-title":"B cells are required for lupus nephritis in the polygenic, Fas-intact MRL model of systemic autoimmunity","volume":"163","author":"OT Chan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7262","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.12.7262","article-title":"Early requirement for B cells for development of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in NOD.H-2h4 mice","volume":"165","author":"H Braley-Mullen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.10.1639","article-title":"A novel mouse with B cells but lacking serum antibody reveals an antibody-independent role for B cells in murine lupus","volume":"189","author":"OT Chan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2006.02.005","article-title":"B cells as antigen presenting cells","volume":"238","author":"D Rodr\u00edguez-Pinto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.10.1639","article-title":"A novel mouse with B cells but lacking serum antibody reveals an antibody-independent role for B cells in murine lupus","volume":"189","author":"OT Chan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.3.1163","article-title":"B lymphocytes are crucial antigen-presenting cells in the pathogenic autoimmune response to GAD65 antigen in nonobese diabetic mice","volume":"161","author":"M Falcone","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.2.743","article-title":"I-Ag7-mediated antigen presentation by B lymphocytes is critical in overcoming a checkpoint in T cell tolerance to islet beta cells of nonobese diabetic mice","volume":"163","author":"H Noorchashm","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199911)29:11<3432::AID-IMMU3432>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"B cells are critical to induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by protein but not by a short encephalitogenic peptide","volume":"29","author":"JA Lyons","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2848","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.9.2848","article-title":"T cell priming in vivo: a major role for B cells in presenting antigen to T cells in lymph nodes","volume":"138","author":"Y Ron","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.140.11.3773","article-title":"The role of antigen-presenting B cells in T cell priming in vivo. Studies of B cell-deficient mice","volume":"140","author":"EA Kurt-Jones","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001431","article-title":"TLR and B cell receptor signals to B cells differentially program primary and memory Th1 responses to Salmonella enterica","volume":"185","author":"TA Barr","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.46-53.2000","article-title":"Igh-6(-\/-) (B-cell-deficient) mice fail to mount solid acquired resistance to oral challenge with virulent Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and show impaired Th1 T-cell responses to Salmonella antigens","volume":"68","author":"P Mastroeni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021290","article-title":"Costimulation via OX40L expressed by B cells is sufficient to determine the extent of primary CD4 cell expansion and Th2 cytokine secretion in vivo","volume":"197","author":"PJ Linton","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5558","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.10.5558","article-title":"A critical role for B cells in the development of memory CD4 cells","volume":"165","author":"PJ Linton","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425732","article-title":"B cells can prime naive CD4+ T cells in vivo in the absence of other professional antigen-presenting cells in a CD154-CD40-dependent manner","volume":"35","author":"D Rodr\u00edguez-Pinto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20858","article-title":"Remission of proliferative lupus nephritis following B cell depletion therapy is preceded by down-regulation of the T cell costimulatory molecule CD40 ligand: an open-label trial","volume":"52","author":"PP Sfikakis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031579","article-title":"Loss of functional suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"199","author":"V Viglietta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel089","article-title":"Early rheumatoid arthritis is associated with a deficit in the CD4+CD25high regulatory T cell population in peripheral blood","volume":"45","author":"CA Lawson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxf)"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.1.92","article-title":"Defective suppressor function in CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cells from patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"54","author":"S Lindley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"<underline>Post-natal<\/underline> <underline>paucity<\/underline> of <underline>regulatory<\/underline> <underline>T<\/underline> <underline>cells<\/underline><underline> and <\/underline><underline>control<\/underline> of <underline>NK<\/underline> <underline>cell<\/underline> <underline>activation<\/underline> in <underline>experimental<\/underline> <underline>biliary<\/underline> <underline>atresia<\/underline>. J Hepatol","author":"AG Miethke","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Regulatory T cells inhibit Th1 <underline>c<\/underline><underline>e<\/underline><underline>l<\/underline><underline>l<\/underline><underline>-<\/underline><underline>m<\/underline><underline>e<\/underline><underline>d<\/underline><underline>i<\/underline><underline>a<\/underline><underline>t<\/underline><underline>e<\/underline><underline>d<\/underline> <underline>b<\/underline><underline>i<\/underline><underline>l<\/underline><underline>e<\/underline> <underline>d<\/underline><underline>u<\/underline><underline>c<\/underline><underline>t<\/underline> <underline>i<\/underline><underline>n<\/underline><underline>j<\/underline><underline>u<\/underline><underline>r<\/underline><underline>y<\/underline> <underline>i<\/underline><underline>n<\/underline> <underline>m<\/underline><underline>u<\/underline><underline>r<\/underline><underline>i<\/underline><underline>n<\/underline><underline>e<\/underline> <underline>b<\/underline><underline>i<\/underline><underline>l<\/underline><underline>i<\/underline><underline>a<\/underline><underline>r<\/underline><underline>y<\/underline> <underline>a<\/underline><underline>t<\/underline><underline>r<\/underline><underline>e<\/underline><underline>s<\/underline><underline>i<\/underline><underline>a<\/underline>","author":"RM Tucker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24807","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus-specific T-cell reactivity in biliary atresia at the time of diagnosis is associated with deficits in regulatory T cells. Hepatology. 55","author":"SM Brindley","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200420855","article-title":"Expanded B cell population blocks regulatory T cells and exacerbates ileitis in a murine model of Crohn disease","volume":"114","author":"TS Olson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22025","article-title":"Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks","volume":"54","author":"SB Cohen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706383","article-title":"B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"358","author":"SL Hauser","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21363","article-title":"Rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a 72-week, open-label, phase I trial","volume":"63","author":"A Bar-Or","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0904452","article-title":"Rituximab, B-lymphocyte depletion, and preservation of beta-cell function","volume":"361","author":"MD Pescovitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0073644","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,3]],"date-time":"2023-07-03T20:26:44Z","timestamp":1688416004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0073644"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Christine","family":"Beeton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,21]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0073644","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.718089553.793483641","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,21]]}}}