{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T10:21:37Z","timestamp":1776162097416,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,16]],"date-time":"2013-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381881600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,16]],"date-time":"2013-10-16T21:29:26Z","timestamp":1381958966000},"page":"e76318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Effectiveness of Inactivated Influenza Vaccines in Preventing Influenza-Associated Deaths and Hospitalizations among Ontario Residents Aged \u226565 Years: Estimates with Generalized Linear Models Accounting for Healthy Vaccinee Effects"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Ridenhour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Campitelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey C.","family":"Kwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura C.","family":"Rosella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben G.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Punam","family":"Mangtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Calzavara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David K.","family":"Shay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807007923","article-title":"Influenza-attributable deaths, Canada 1990-1999","volume":"135","author":"DL Schanzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.11.1333","article-title":"Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States","volume":"292","author":"WW Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.2.179","article-title":"Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States","volume":"289","author":"WW Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Statement on influenza vaccination for the 2008\u20132009 season. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS)","volume":"34","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009","volume":"58","author":"AE Fiore","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)90241-0","article-title":"Immune response to influenza vaccination of elderly people. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"TM Govaert","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520210045030","article-title":"The efficacy of influenza vaccination in elderly individuals. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"272","author":"TM Govaert","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67339-4","article-title":"Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people: a systematic review","volume":"366","author":"T Jefferson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070844","article-title":"Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the community-dwelling elderly","volume":"357","author":"KL Nichol","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi274","article-title":"Evidence of bias in estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in seniors","volume":"35","author":"LA Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.3.265","article-title":"Impact of influenza vaccination on seasonal mortality in the US elderly population","volume":"165","author":"L Simonsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70236-0","article-title":"Mortality benefits of influenza vaccination in elderly people: an ongoing controversy","volume":"7","author":"L Simonsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi275","article-title":"Functional status is a confounder of the association of influenza vaccine and risk of all cause mortality in seniors","volume":"35","author":"LA Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3182953065","article-title":"Inactivated Influenza Vaccines for Prevention of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: The Limits of Using Nonspecific Outcomes in Vaccine Effectiveness Studies","volume":"24","author":"JM Ferdinands","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.12.1944","article-title":"The impact of influenza epidemics on mortality: introducing a severity index","volume":"87","author":"L Simonsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/421274","article-title":"A cohort study of the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in older people, performed using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database","volume":"190","author":"P Mangtani","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61160-5","article-title":"Influenza vaccination and risk of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent elderly people: a population-based, nested case-control study","volume":"372","author":"ML Jackson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38198.594109.AE","article-title":"Effect of influenza vaccination on excess deaths occurring during periods of high circulation of influenza: cohort study in elderly people","volume":"329","author":"BG Armstrong","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c3409","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3409","article-title":"Effect of influenza vaccination on excess deaths occurring during periods of high circulation of influenza: cohort study in elderly people (vol 329, pg 660, 2004)","volume":"340","author":"BG Armstrong","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp173","article-title":"Influenza vaccination and mortality: differentiating vaccine effects from bias","volume":"170","author":"B Fireman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"17","article-title":"Supply of physicians&apos; services in Ontario","volume":"3","author":"B Chan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hosp Q"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.10.049","article-title":"Influenza vaccination and all-cause mortality in community-dwelling elderly in Ontario, Canada, a cohort study","volume":"29","author":"MA Campitelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.10.004","article-title":"Using OHIP physician billing claims to ascertain individual influenza vaccination status","volume":"25","author":"JC Kwong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.24.1.157-160.1986","article-title":"Serum and nasal wash antibodies associated with resistance to experimental challenge with influenza-A wild-type virus","volume":"24","author":"ML Clements","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Iron K, Zagorski BM, Sykora K, Manuel DG (2008) Living and Dying in Ontario: An Opportunity for Improved Health Information."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8087","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008087","article-title":"Influenza morbidity and mortality in elderly patients receiving statins: a cohort study","volume":"4","author":"JC Kwong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Naylor D, Slaughter P (1999) Cardiovascular health and services in Ontario."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181d61eeb","article-title":"Negative Controls A Tool for Detecting Confounding and Bias in Observational Studies","volume":"21","author":"M Lipsitch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090694","article-title":"Seasonality of mortality: the September phenomenon in Mediterranean countries","volume":"181","author":"ME Falagas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Martel L, Caron-Malenfant E (2007) Portrait of the Canadian Population in 2006, 2006 Census. Ottawa: Statistics Canada."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144517","article-title":"On time series analysis of public health and biomedical data","volume":"27","author":"SL Zeger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev Publ Health"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e211","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050211","article-title":"The effect of universal influenza immunization on mortality and health care use","volume":"5","author":"JC Kwong","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.2307\/1913610","article-title":"A Simple, Positive Semi-Definite, Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix","volume":"55","author":"WK Newey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800066875","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Mumps in the UK: A Preliminary Study of Virus Transmission, Herd Immunity and the Potential Impact of Immunization","volume":"99","author":"RM Anderson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir007","article-title":"\u201cHerd immunity\u201d: a rough guide","volume":"52","author":"P Fine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.01.108","article-title":"Influenza in older adults: impact of vaccination of school children","volume":"27","author":"HK Talbot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.08.088","article-title":"Effect of influenza vaccination on hospitalizations in persons aged 50 years and older","volume":"28","author":"R Baxter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.19.1.17","article-title":"Econometrics in outcomes research: the use of instrumental variables","volume":"19","author":"JP Newhouse","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.3.278","article-title":"Analysis of observational studies in the presence of treatment selection bias: effects of invasive cardiac management on AMI survival using propensity score and instrumental variable methods","volume":"297","author":"TA Stukel","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.2038","article-title":"Estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness in community-dwelling elderly patients using the instrumental variable analysis method","volume":"172","author":"K Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1086\/499810","article-title":"The association of respiratory syncytial virus infection and influenza with emergency admissions for respiratory disease in London: An analysis of routine surveillance data","volume":"42","author":"P Mangtani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.10.037","article-title":"Comparative immunogenicity of recombinant influenza hemagglutinin (rHA) and trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) among persons &gt; = 65 years old","volume":"28","author":"WA Keitel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0076318","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]],"date-time":"2020-08-06T02:21:15Z","timestamp":1596680475000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0076318"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Suryaprakash","family":"Sambhara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,16]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0076318","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,16]]}}}