{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:42:34Z","timestamp":1790808154399,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]],"date-time":"2013-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384300800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]],"date-time":"2013-11-13T23:04:41Z","timestamp":1384383881000},"page":"e78474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Activation of MSRV-Type Endogenous Retroviruses during Infectious Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus Latency: The Missing Link with Multiple Sclerosis?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mameli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giordano","family":"Madeddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Uleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Poddighe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia G.","family":"Delogu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Maida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Babudieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Manetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria S.","family":"Mura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonina","family":"Dolei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04232.x","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: a battle between destruction and repair","volume":"100","author":"JL McQualter","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.06.012","article-title":"Viral triggers of multiple sclerosis","volume":"1812","author":"K Kakalacheva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-010-9214-y","article-title":"HERVs in neuropathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"T Christensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328362004d","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: autoimmunity and viruses","volume":"25","author":"MF Cusick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"271","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus infection and multiple sclerosis: a review J Neuroimmune Pharmacol","volume":"5","author":"A Ascherio","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61110","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061110","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Sero-Epidemiological Association between Epstein Barr Virus and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"YH Almohmeed","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-010-0940-0","article-title":"Relation between Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: analytic study of scientific production. Eur","volume":"29","author":"O Santiago","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12496","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012496","article-title":"An updated meta-analysis of risk of multiple sclerosis following infectious mononucleosis","volume":"5","author":"AE Handel","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2.1.149","article-title":"Endogenous retroviruses and human disease","volume":"2","author":"A Dolei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Rev Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280802448451","article-title":"The multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus and its HERV-W endogenous family: a biological interface between virology, genetics, and immunology in human physiology and disease","volume":"15","author":"A Dolei","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-009-8170-x","article-title":"The Human Endogenous Retrovirus Link between Genes and Environment in Multiple Sclerosis and in Multifactorial Diseases Associating Neuroinflammation","volume":"39","author":"H Perron","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"162","article-title":"Human endogenous retroviruses and multiple sclerosis: innocent bystanders or disease determinants?","volume":"2","author":"JM Antony","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44991","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044991","article-title":"Expression and activation by Epstein Barr virus of human endogenous retroviruses-W in blood cells and astrocytes: inference for multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"G Mameli","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7583","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.14.7583","article-title":"The Collaborative Research Group on Multiple Sclerosis: Molecular identification of a novel retrovirus repeatedly isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"94","author":"H Perron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1319","article-title":"Human endogenous retrovirus glycoprotein-mediated induction of redox reactants causes oligodendrocyte death and demyelination","volume":"7","author":"JM Antony","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/35001608","article-title":"Syncytin is a captive retroviral envelope protein involved in human placental morphogenesis","volume":"403","author":"S Mi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280390173328","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus particles cause T lymphocyte-dependent death with brain hemorrhage in humanized SCID mice model","volume":"9","author":"R Firouzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81890-0","article-title":"Brains and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients hyperexpress MS-associated retrovirus\/HERV-W endogenous retrovirus, but not Human herpesvirus 6","volume":"88","author":"G Mameli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019176","article-title":"Age- and disease-dependent HERV-W envelope allelic variation in brain: association with neuroimmune gene expression","volume":"6","author":"RK Bhat","year":"2001","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512441381","article-title":"Human endogenous retrovirus type W envelope expression in blood and brain cells provides new insights into multiple sclerosis disease","volume":"18","author":"H Perron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280590901741","article-title":"Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV)-W ENV and GAG proteins: physiological expression in human brain and pathophysiological modulation in multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"11","author":"H Perron","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.59566\/IJBS.2007.3292","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and HERV-W\/MSRV: a multicentric study","volume":"3","author":"G Arru","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.3.471","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV) in Sardinian MS patients","volume":"58","author":"A Dolei","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.7.1071","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated retrovirus and MS prognosis: an observational study","volume":"59","author":"S Sotgiu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506070773","article-title":"MSRV in early multiple sclerosis: a six-year follow-up of a Sardinian cohort","volume":"12","author":"S Sotgiu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510376956","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus and progressive disability of multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"S Sotgiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280701801107","article-title":"Inhibition of multiple-sclerosis-associated retrovirus as biomarker of interferon therapy","volume":"14","author":"G Mameli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"357","article-title":"MSRV and optic neuritis","volume":"12","author":"S Sotgiu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.08.015","article-title":"Effects of interferon-beta therapy on innate and adaptive immune responses to the human endogenous retroviruses HERV-H and HERV-W, cytokine production, and the lectin complement activation pathway in multiple sclerosis","volume":"215","author":"T Petersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.13.6","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: association or causation?","volume":"13","author":"J Pakpoor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3283542cf8","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus cause of multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"A Tselis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21117","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: The role of infection","volume":"61","author":"A Ascherio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"824","article-title":"Primary infection with the Epstein\u2013Barr virus and risk of multiple sclerosis. Ann","volume":"67","author":"LI Levin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512449682","article-title":"The risk of developing multiple sclerosis in individuals seronegative for Epstein-Barr virus: a meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"J Pakpoor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511408991","article-title":"Anti-Epstein-Barr virus antibodies as serological markers of multiple sclerosis: a prospective study among United States military personnel","volume":"17","author":"K Munger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.018366","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis after infectious mononucleosis: record linkage study","volume":"58","author":"MJ Goldacre","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-300174","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis","volume":"82","author":"RM Lucas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508100037","article-title":"Effects of infectious mononucleosis and HLA-DRB1*15 in multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"TR Nielsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70196-5","article-title":"Clinical features and viral serologies in children with multiple sclerosis: a multinational observational study","volume":"9","author":"B Banwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21886","article-title":"Elevated Epstein-Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen-1 immune responses predict conversion to multiple sclerosis","volume":"67","author":"JD L\u00fcnemann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512448109","article-title":"Trigger, pathogen, or bystander: the complex nexus linking Epstein- Barr virus and multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"GP Owens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr197","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus in the multiple sclerosis brain: a controversial issue\u2013report on a focused workshop held in the Centre for Brain Research of the Medical University of Vienna, Austria","volume":"134","author":"H Lassmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32160","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032160","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus stimulates torque teno virus replication: a possible relationship to multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"SS Borkosky","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2011.569039","article-title":"Torque teno mini virus infection and multiple sclerosis","volume":"121","author":"M Komijani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.05.024","article-title":"Novel reliable real-time PCR for differential detection of MSRVenv and syncytin-1 in RNA and DNA from patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"161","author":"G Mameli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis646","article-title":"Behavioral, virologic, and immunologic factors associated with acquisition and severity of primary Epstein-Barr virus infection in university students","volume":"207","author":"HH Balfour Jr","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-104","article-title":"B cells and monocytes from patients with active multiple sclerosis exhibit increased surface expression of both HERV-H Env and HERV-W Env, accompanied by increased seroreactivity","volume":"6","author":"T Brudek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-25","article-title":"Signal pathways in astrocytes activated by cross-talk between of astrocytes and mast cells through CD40-CD40L","volume":"8","author":"DY Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"637","article-title":"<italic>In vitro<\/italic> modulation of the multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated retrovirus (MSRV) by cytokines: implications for MS pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"C Serra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J NeuroVirol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.4679","article-title":"Interleukin-6, a major cytokine in the central nervous system","volume":"8","author":"M Erta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"948976","article-title":"The benefits and detriments of macrophages\/microglia in models of multiple sclerosis. Clin Dev Immunol","volume":"2013","author":"KS Rawji","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-011-0883-2","article-title":"Claudin-1 induced sealing of blood-brain barrier tight junctions ameliorates chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"122","author":"F Pfeiffer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318249f6f0","article-title":"The evidence for a role of B cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"78","author":"G Disanto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66308","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066308","article-title":"Rituximab in relapsing and progressive forms of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"T Castillo-Trivino","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung BK, Tsai K, Allan LL, Zheng DJ, Nie JC, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2013) Innate immune control of EBV-infected B cells by invariant natural killer T cells. Blood Aug 23. [Epub ahead of print]","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-01-480665"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04446.x","article-title":"Translational Mini-Review Series on B cell subsets in disease. B cells in multiple sclerosis: drivers of disease pathogenesis and Trojan horse for Epstein-Barr virus entry to the central nervous system?","volume":"167","author":"UC Meier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt032","article-title":"The Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 reprograms transcription by mimicry of high mobility group A proteins","volume":"41","author":"G Coppotelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210496","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus-encoded EBNA1 regulates cellular gene transcription and modulates the STAT1 and TGFbeta signaling pathways","volume":"26","author":"VH Wood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01974-08","article-title":"Identifying sites bound by Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) in the human genome: defining a position-weighted matrix to predict sites bound by EBNA1 in viral genomes","volume":"83","author":"LR Dresang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.6.noc50328","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: evidence of association from a prospective study with long-term follow-up","volume":"63","author":"GN DeLorenze","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0078474","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,19]],"date-time":"2024-05-19T12:12:17Z","timestamp":1716120737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0078474"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"James P.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0078474","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,13]]}}}