{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T06:31:33Z","timestamp":1763533893675},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,31]],"date-time":"2013-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,31]],"date-time":"2013-12-31T22:07:21Z","timestamp":1388527641000},"page":"e84008","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Acquisition of HIV by African-Born Residents of Victoria, Australia: Insights from Molecular Epidemiology"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Chris","family":"Lemoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire E.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zamberi","family":"Sekawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna C.","family":"Hearps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Aleksic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Chibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Grierson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samia","family":"Baho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Street","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Hellard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beverley-Ann","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Crowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Dept Health and Ageing (2010) Sixth National HIV Strategy 2010\u20132013. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1071\/SH08028","article-title":"Delayed diagnosis of HIV infection in Victoria 1994 to 2006","volume":"6","author":"C Lemoh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"The Kirby Institute (2012) HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia Annual Surveillance report 2012. Sydney: The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, University of New South Wales."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2007) 2006 Census of population and housing. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Cat No. 2068.0."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328354622a","article-title":"The evolving epidemiology of HIV\/AIDS","volume":"26","author":"K De Cock","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200103010-00012","article-title":"Spectrum of AIDS-defining illnesses in Australia, 1992 to 1998: Influence of country\/region of birth","volume":"26","author":"G Dore","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"EuroHIV (2007) HIV\/AIDS Surveillance in Europe: end-year report 2006. HIV\/AIDS Surveillance in Europe. Saint-Maurice: European Centre for the Epidemiological Monitoring of HIV and AIDS."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60821-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men","volume":"380","author":"C Beyrer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61118-1","article-title":"Men who have sex with men and HIV\/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"374","author":"AD Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000179430.34660.11","article-title":"Evidence for onward transmission of HIV-1 non-B subtype strains in the United Kingdom","volume":"41","author":"I Aggarwal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Lack S, Geue A, O&apos;Connell E, Kelly P, Slattery D (2007) Administration of the health requirement of the Migration Act 1958. Australian National Audit Office. Audit Report No. 37 2006-7. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Dept Immigration and Citizenship (2007) Fact sheet 22: The health requirement. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.immi.gov.au\/media\/fact-sheets\/22health.htm\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.immi.gov.au\/media\/fact-sheets\/22health.htm<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2007 Jan 30."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Lemoh C, Hellard M, Street A, Biggs BA (2006) Reducing the risk of transmission of HIV\/AIDS in African and Arabic-speaking communities in Victoria. Melbourne: The University of Melbourne; McFarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service; Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society."},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"109","article-title":"Sudanese women living in Victoria, Australia: health-information-seeking behaviours and the availability, effectiveness and appropriateness of HIV\/AIDS information","volume":"6","author":"R Palmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diversity Health Care"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/13691050903359265","article-title":"Narratives of sexual health risk and protection amongst young people from refugee backgrounds in Melbourne, Australia","volume":"12","author":"C McMichael","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480190092040","article-title":"The science of the art of the clinical examination","volume":"267","author":"DL Sackett","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-528","article-title":"Sexual behaviour of men that consulted in medical outpatient clinics in Western Switzerland from 2005\u20132006: risk levels unknown to doctors?","volume":"10","author":"F Dubois-Arber","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00310-0","article-title":"History-taking and preventive medicine skills among primary care physicians: an assessment using standardized patients","volume":"104","author":"PG Ramsey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W13","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000247564.73009.bc","article-title":"Global and regional distribution of HIV-1 genetic subtypes and recombinants in 2004","volume":"20","author":"J Hemelaar","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"333","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of HIV","volume":"121","author":"AJ Kandathil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20599","article-title":"Global epidemiology of HIV","volume":"78","author":"F McCutchan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0200","article-title":"Increasing diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes circulating in Australia","volume":"28","author":"D Chibo","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200111230-00009","article-title":"The impact of immigration on env HIV-1 subtype distribution among heterosexuals in the Netherlands: influx of subtype B and non-B strains","volume":"15","author":"E de Coul","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20300","article-title":"HIV-1 subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) from HIV-infected patients residing in two regions of central and southern Italy","volume":"75","author":"L Monno","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.75.6.392","article-title":"Viral subtype and heterosexual acquisition of HIV infections diagnosed in Scotland","volume":"75","author":"DL Yirrell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/003655400458721","article-title":"Analysis of HIV-1 genetic subtypes in Finland reveals good correlation between molecular and epidemiological data","volume":"32","author":"K Liitsola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0137","article-title":"HIV transmissions during seroconversion contribute significantly to new infections in men who have sex with men in Australia","volume":"28","author":"D Chibo","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2005.00313.x","article-title":"HIV-1 subtypes in Spain: a retrospective analysis from 1995 to 2003","volume":"6","author":"E Lospitao","year":"2005","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1086\/651951","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology reveals long-term changes in HIV type 1 subtype B transmission in Switzerland","volume":"201","author":"RD Kouyos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir491","article-title":"The role of migration and domestic transmission in the spread of HIV-1 non-B subtypes in Switzerland","volume":"204","author":"V von Wyl","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199810000-00024","article-title":"Multiple HIV-1 subtypes present amongst heterosexuals in Amsterdam 1988\u20131996: no evidence for spread of non-B subtypes","volume":"12","author":"ELMO de Coul","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1089\/088922201750236960","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of multiple heterosexual transmission events involving subtype B of HIV type 1","volume":"17","author":"A Hayman","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199910010-00003","article-title":"Characterization of subtye A HIV-1 from Africa by full genome sequencing","volume":"13","author":"J Carr","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21242","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015673107","article-title":"Source identification in two criminal cases using phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 DNA sequences","volume":"107","author":"DI Scaduto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref35","volume":"6","unstructured":"Paraskevis D, Pybus O, Magiorkinis G, Hatzakis A, Wensing AMJ <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2009) Tracing the HIV-1 subtype B mobility in Europe: a phylogeographic approach. Retrovirology <volume>6<\/volume>: :49 doi 10.1186\/1742-4690-6-49."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.040877","article-title":"HIV-1 genetic diversity in antenatal cohort, Canada","volume":"11","author":"B Akouamba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref37","volume":"7","unstructured":"Jennes W, Kyongo JK, Vanhommerig E, Camara M, Coppens S, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2012) Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 transmission in a cohort of HIV-1 concordant heterosexual couples from Dakar, Senegal. PloS One <volume>7<\/volume> : doi 10.1371\/journal.pone.0037402."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0033","article-title":"Short communication phylogenetic characterization of HIV type 1 CRF01_AE V3 Envelope Sequences in Pregnant Women in Northern Vietnam","volume":"28","author":"R Caridha","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS ResHum Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2012.04.002","article-title":"Agent-based and phylogenetic analyses reveal how HIV-1 moves between risk groups: Injecting drug users sustain the heterosexual epidemic in Latvia","volume":"4","author":"F Graw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Medew J (2007) Plan to genetically trace reckless HIV infections. The Age April 28, Melbourne: The Age Co. Ltd. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.theage.com.au\/news\/national\/plan-to-genetically-trace-reckless-hiv-infections\/2007\/04\/27\/1177459980619.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.theage.com.au\/news\/national\/plan-to-genetically-trace-reckless-hiv-infections\/2007\/04\/27\/1177459980619.html<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Dec 4."},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Metlikovec J (2007) PM wants HIV migrant ban. Herald Sun April 14, Melbourne: News Digital Media. Database: ProQuest Australia &amp; New Zealand Newstand. ProQuest document ID 360880634. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/search.proquest.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au\/docview\/360880634?accountid=12372\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/search.proquest.com.ezp.lib.unimelb.edu.au\/docview\/360880634?accountid=12372<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Dec 4."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2010.00857.x","article-title":"Late presentation of HIV infection: a consensus definition","volume":"12","author":"A Antinori","year":"2011","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200302011-00004","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS surveillance systems in Australia","volume":"32","author":"J Kaldor","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr International"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2004.20.1364","article-title":"The molecular epidemiology of HIV type 1 among Vietnamese Australian injecting drug users in Melbourne, Australia","volume":"20","author":"C Ryan","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"941","article-title":"The heterosexual HIV type 1 epidemic in Papua New Guinea is dominated by subtype C. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses","volume":"23","author":"CE Ryan","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121","article-title":"MEGA5: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods","volume":"28","author":"K Tamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01731581","article-title":"A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences","volume":"16","author":"M Kimura","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Mol Evol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/42.3.384","article-title":"Partitioning and combining data in phylogenetic analysis","volume":"42","author":"JJ Bull","year":"1993","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/42.2.182","article-title":"An empirical-test of bootstrapping as a method for assessing confidence in phylogenetic analysis","volume":"42","author":"DM Hillis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1071\/SH09120","article-title":"African Australians living with HIV: a case series from Victoria","volume":"7","author":"CN Lemoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4600","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.10.4600-4604.2003","article-title":"Segregation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sutypes by risk factor in Australia","volume":"41","author":"BL Herring","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2008.0134","article-title":"Clinical differences and viral diversity between newly HIV type 1-diagnosed African and non-African patients in Spain (2005\u20132007)","volume":"25","author":"G Yebra","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023435429841","article-title":"Evolution and diversity of HIV-1 in Africa - a review","volume":"26","author":"MA Papathanasopoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000590","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000590","article-title":"Molecular phylodynamics of the heterosexual HIV epidemic in the United Kingdom","volume":"5","author":"GJ Hughes","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Pathogens"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13050","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00889-07","article-title":"Phylogenetic surveillance of viral genetic diversity and the evolving molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"81","author":"R Gifford","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0084008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T17:26:25Z","timestamp":1565025985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0084008"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Blackard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,31]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0084008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,31]]}}}