{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T22:39:51Z","timestamp":1793313591954,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,20]],"date-time":"2014-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,20]],"date-time":"2014-01-20T16:19:54Z","timestamp":1390234794000},"page":"e85001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Pneumococcal Carriage in Sub-Saharan Africa\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Effua","family":"Usuf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Bottomley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Adegbola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-195","article-title":"The dynamics of nasopharyngeal streptococcus pneumoniae carriage among rural Gambian mother-infant pairs","volume":"10","author":"MK Darboe","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1086\/528688","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Gambian infants: A longitudinal study","volume":"46","author":"PC Hill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"692","article-title":"Epidemiologic studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants. The effects of season and age on pneumococcal acquisition and carriage in the first 24 months of life","volume":"116","author":"BM Gray","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh088","article-title":"Community-level predictors of pneumococcal carriage and resistance in young children","volume":"159","author":"SS Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1086\/381547","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae by adults and children in community and family settings","volume":"38","author":"G Regev-Yochay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31814da70c","article-title":"The descriptive epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae nasopharyngeal carriage in children and adults in Kilifi District, Kenya","volume":"27","author":"O Abdullahi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(04)00938-7","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease","volume":"4","author":"D Bogaert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.04.009","article-title":"Estimation of vaccine efficacy against acquisition of pneumococcal carriage","volume":"27","author":"H Rinta-Kokko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.6.923","article-title":"Epidemiologic studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants: acquisition, carriage, and infection during the first 24 months of life","volume":"142","author":"BM Gray","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1086\/516477","article-title":"Relationship between nasopharyngeal colonization and the development of otitis media in children. Tonawanda\/Williamsville Pediatrics","volume":"175","author":"H Faden","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1086\/322048","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Finnish children younger than 2 years old","volume":"184","author":"RK Syrjanen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181f111a2","article-title":"Association between nasopharyngeal load of Streptococcus pneumoniae, viral coinfection, and radiologically confirmed pneumonia in Vietnamese children","volume":"30","author":"HT Vu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3221-3226.2005","article-title":"Quantitative PCR assay using sputum samples for rapid diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia in adult emergency department patients","volume":"43","author":"S Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1086\/521833","article-title":"Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal colonization among immunized and unimmunized children in a community-randomized trial","volume":"196","author":"KL O'Brien","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.3.443","article-title":"Decrease of invasive pneumococcal infections in children among 8 children&apos;s hospitals in the United States after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine","volume":"113","author":"SL Kaplan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02904.x","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease following increased coverage with the heptavalent conjugate vaccine in Navarre, Spain","volume":"15","author":"M Guevara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1086\/599827","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in Canada, 1998\u20132007: update from the Calgary-area Streptococcus pneumoniae research (CASPER) study","volume":"49","author":"JD Kellner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"18","article-title":"Invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia, 2006","volume":"32","author":"PW Roche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2011.tb04192.x","article-title":"Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in Australian children after introduction of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine","volume":"194","author":"SR Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181f4cf69","article-title":"PneumococcaL meningitis in french children before and after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine","volume":"30","author":"C Levy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.02.025","article-title":"Serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibilities of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae before and after introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Hong Kong, 1995\u20132009","volume":"29","author":"PL Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-239","article-title":"Increase in serotype 19A prevalence and amoxicillin non-susceptibility among paediatric Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from middle ear fluid in a passive laboratory-based surveillance in Spain, 1997\u20132009","volume":"11","author":"A Fenoll","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200302000-00010","article-title":"Report from a WHO Working Group: standard method for detecting upper respiratory carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"22","author":"KL O'Brien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001107","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001107","article-title":"Effects of community-wide vaccination with PCV-7 on pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in the Gambia: a cluster-randomized trial","volume":"8","author":"A Roca","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200005000-00014","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a nonavalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CRM<sub>197<\/sub> administered simultaneously but in a separate syringe with diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccines in Gambian infants","volume":"19","author":"SK Obaro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.01.098","article-title":"The immunogenicity and impact on nasopharyngeal carriage of fewer doses of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine immunization schedule","volume":"29","author":"MO Ota","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir444","article-title":"Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given shortly after birth stimulates effective antibody concentrations and primes immunological memory for sustained infant protection","volume":"53","author":"JA Scott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1086\/315009","article-title":"Immunogenicity and impact on nasopharyngeal carriage of a nonavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine","volume":"180","author":"N Mbelle","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Gambian Children who Participated in a 9-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Trial and in Their Younger Siblings","author":"YB Cheung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)65585-7","article-title":"Carriage of pneumococci after pneumococcal vaccination","volume":"348","author":"SK Obaro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.13.1729","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in the United States, 1995\u20131998: Opportunities for prevention in the conjugate vaccine era","volume":"285","author":"KA Robinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.12.008","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in the pre-conjugate vaccine era: England and Wales, 1996\u20132006","volume":"60","author":"CL Trotter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181a06303","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Navajo and White Mountain Apache children before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine","volume":"28","author":"EV Millar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-304","article-title":"Epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carriage of respiratory bacterial pathogens in children and adults: cross-sectional surveys in a population with high rates of pneumococcal disease","volume":"10","author":"GA Mackenzie","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir730","article-title":"Impact of more than a decade of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use on carriage and invasive potential in Native American communities","volume":"205","author":"JR Scott","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1086\/505076","article-title":"Lack of association between the nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus in HIV-1-infected South African children","volume":"194","author":"LM McNally","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"16","article-title":"<italic>Streptococcus Pneumoniae<\/italic> carriage rates among infants in Owerri Nigeria","author":"NOA Nwachukwu","year":"2008","journal-title":"MERA: African Journal of Respiratory Medicine"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"7","article-title":"Systematic evaluation of serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease among children under five: the pneumococcal global serotype project","author":"HL Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"4717","article-title":"Pneumococcal vaccines WHO position paper - 2012 - recommendations","volume":"30","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine 2012"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1086\/313645","article-title":"An outbreak of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 in a closed community in southern Israel","volume":"30","author":"R Dagan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"8","article-title":"Seasonality and outbreak of a predominant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 clone from The Gambia: Expansion of ST217 hypervirulent clonal complex in West Africa","author":"M Antonio","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Microbiology"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00283-08","article-title":"Age-specific cluster of cases of serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in remote indigenous communities in Australia","volume":"16","author":"H Smith-Vaughan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1086\/374624","article-title":"Clonal relationships between invasive and carriage Streptococcus pneumoniae and serotype- and clone-specific differences in invasive disease potential","volume":"187","author":"AB Brueggemann","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.11.3077-3079.1995","article-title":"Evaluation of sampling sites for detection of upper respiratory tract carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae among healthy Filipino infants","volume":"33","author":"MR Capeding","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2007.12.003","article-title":"Impact of cotrimoxazole on non-susceptibility to antibiotics in Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage isolates among HIV-infected mineworkers in South Africa","author":"L Pemba","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1086\/313981","article-title":"Impact of antimicrobial therapy on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Branhamella catarrhalis in children with respiratory tract infections","volume":"31","author":"E Varon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae from children in the Central African Republic","author":"AK Rowe","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial agents of the upper respiratory tract of school children in Buea, Cameroon","author":"RN Ndip","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ringertz S, Muhe L, Krantz I, Hathaway A, Shamebo D, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (1993) Prevalence of potential respiratory disease bacteria in children in Ethiopia. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the pathogens and use of antibiotics among the children.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12576.x"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199707000-00007","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal colonization among Kenyan children: antibiotic resistance, strain types and associations with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection","author":"ID Rusen","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00345-9","article-title":"High prevalence of carriage of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in children in Kampala Uganda","author":"ML Joloba","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Impact of azithromycin administration for trachoma control on the carriage of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae","author":"SL Batt","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1086\/515013","article-title":"Serotype distribution and prevalence of resistance to benzylpenicillin in three representative populations of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from the coast of Kenya","volume":"27","author":"JAG Scott","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae among under-five year old children at the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya","author":"WM Nyandiko","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2006.05.010","article-title":"Oropharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae among HIV-infected adults in Uganda: assessing prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility","author":"DB Blossom","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01393-07","article-title":"Validation of nasopharyngeal sampling and culture techniques for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children in Kenya","author":"O Abdullahi","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1086\/655697","article-title":"The decline of pneumococcal resistance after cessation of mass antibiotic distributions for trachoma","volume":"51","author":"S Haug","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000377","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000377","article-title":"Antibiotic selection pressure and macrolide resistance in nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae: a cluster-randomized clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"AH Skalet","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197810052991402","article-title":"Emergence of multiply resistant pneumococci","author":"MR Jacobs","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"1186","article-title":"Clinical and nasopharyngeal isolates of unusual multiply resistant pneumococci","volume":"140","author":"KP Klugman","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Diseases of Children"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400060873","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant pneumococci in hospitalized children","author":"RM Robins-Browne","year":"1984"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198609000-00006","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal disease in children at Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg","author":"B Oppenheim","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/34.3.114","article-title":"Throat carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes among infants and children in Zambia","author":"B Frederiksen","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carriage of community-acquired, antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Zambian paediatric population","author":"A Woolfson","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from children in Lesotho","author":"M Mthwalo","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/02724936.1997.11747894","article-title":"Carriage of penicillin-resistant pneumococci in Malawian children","author":"A Yomo","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"Increased carriage of trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Malawian children after treatment for malaria with sulfadoxine\/pyrimethamine","author":"DR Feikin","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000069787.33960.d6","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonizing rural Malawian children","author":"DR Feikin","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(98)90090-X","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial resistance in isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b in children under 5 years of age in Botswana","author":"RE Huebner","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.030020","article-title":"Poor potential coverage for 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Malawi","author":"SB Gordon","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"High incidence of antimicrobial resistant organisms including extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in nasopharyngeal and blood isolates of HIV-infected children from Cape Town, South Africa","author":"MF Cotton","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01565.x","article-title":"Serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility of invasive and nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in rural Mozambique","volume":"11","author":"X Valles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60350-5","article-title":"Emergence of levofloxacin-non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae and treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children in South Africa: a cohort observational surveillance study.[see comment]","author":"A von Gottberg","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"1116","article-title":"Prevalence of nasopharyngeal antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal carriage in children attending private paediatric practices in Johannesburg","volume":"90","author":"RE Huebner","year":"2000","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3756","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01409-09","article-title":"Impact of cotrimoxazole on carriage and antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in HIV-infected children in Zambia","volume":"2010;54","author":"DM Mwenya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"1132, 4","article-title":"Incidence of asymptomatic carriage of potentially pathogenic respiratory organisms among preschool Pretoria children","volume":"86","author":"L Marcus","year":"1996","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)90950-9","article-title":"Cloramphenicol-resistant pneumococci in West Africa","author":"D Hansman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199610000-00007","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci in Gambian children and in their families","volume":"15","author":"N Lloyd-Evans","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carriage and susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Kumasi, Ghana","author":"DM Denno","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/02724930120058223","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy carriers: report of a study in 5-year-olds in Marcory, Abidjan, Cote d&apos;Ivoire","author":"A Kacou-N'Douba","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60981-7","article-title":"Effectiveness of an early supplementation scheme of high-dose vitamin A versus standard WHO protocol in Gambian mothers and infants: a randomised controlled trial.[see comment]","author":"MK Darboe","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200107000-00018","article-title":"Evaluation of Binax now Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen test in children in a community with a high carriage rate of pneumococcus","author":"RA Adegbola","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1086\/506941","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Gambian villagers","volume":"43","author":"PC Hill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2009.1282.1286","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains causing childhood infection in Burkina Faso","volume":"12","author":"LC Bere","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pak J Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4103\/1596-3519.55757","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistant profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from the nasopharynx of secondary school students in Jos, Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"YT Kandakai-Olukemi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1086\/605023","article-title":"T cell memory response to pneumococcal protein antigens in an area of high pneumococcal carriage and disease","volume":"200","author":"MW Mureithi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3109\/00365540903490000","article-title":"Invasive disease and paediatric carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Ghana","volume":"42","author":"ES Donkor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1086\/652443","article-title":"Transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae in rural Gambian villages: a longitudinal study","volume":"50","author":"PC Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.58742","article-title":"Emergence of optochin resistance among S. pneumoniae strains colonizing healthy children in Abidjan","volume":"28","author":"A Kacou-N'douba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0085001","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T06:32:25Z","timestamp":1597386745000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0085001"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Caroline L.","family":"Trotter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,20]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0085001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,20]]}}}