{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:21:25Z","timestamp":1791271285415,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,22]],"date-time":"2014-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,22]],"date-time":"2014-01-22T22:32:54Z","timestamp":1390429974000},"page":"e85786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Seaweed-Coral Interactions: Variance in Seaweed Allelopathy, Coral Susceptibility, and Potential Effects on Coral Resilience"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Roberta M.","family":"Bonaldo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1890\/04-0922","article-title":"Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge","volume":"75","author":"DU Hooper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecological Monographs"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1890\/11-0395.1","article-title":"Evidence for a three-way trade-off between nitrogen and phosphorus competitive abilities and cell size in phytoplankton","volume":"92","author":"KF Edwards","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1086\/284741","article-title":"Community regulation \u2013 variation in disturbance, competition, and predation in relation to environmental-stress and recruitment","volume":"130","author":"BA Menge","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Naturalist"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"260","article-title":"Interspecific aggression by scleractinian corals. 2: Why the race is not always to switch the swift","volume":"23","author":"J Lang","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bulletin of Marine Science"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02691","article-title":"Confronting the coral reef crisis","volume":"429","author":"DR Bellwood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2010.07.011","article-title":"Rising to the challenge of sustaining coral reef resilience","volume":"25","author":"TP Hughes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/meps09874","article-title":"Natural history of coral-algae competition across a gradient of human activity in the Line Islands","volume":"460","author":"KL Barott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420065756.ch2","article-title":"Effects of benthic algae on the replenishment of corals and the implications for the resilience of corals","volume":"46","author":"CL Birrell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2010.01565.x","article-title":"High CO2 enhances competitive strength of seaweeds over corals","volume":"14","author":"G Diaz-Pulido","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10394","article-title":"Bacterial shifts associated with coral-macroalgal competition in the Caribbean Sea","volume":"488","author":"KM Morrow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress series"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17726","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108628108","article-title":"Macroalgal terpenes function as allelopathic agents against coral reefs","volume":"108","author":"DB Rasher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5067","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071524598","article-title":"Recovery of Diadema antillarum reduces macroalgal cover and increases abundance of juvenile corals on a Caribbean reef","volume":"98","author":"PJ Edmunds","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s003380000129","article-title":"Competition between corals and algae on coral reefs: a review of evidence and mechanisms","volume":"19","author":"LJ McCook","year":"2001","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8657","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008657","article-title":"Marine reserves enhance the recovery of corals on Caribbean reefs","volume":"51","author":"PJ Mumby","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.06.011","article-title":"Coral reef management and conservation in light of rapidly evolving ecological paradigms","volume":"23","author":"PJ Mumby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3354\/meps323107","article-title":"Inhibition of coral recruitment by macroalgae and cyanobacteria","volume":"323","author":"IB Kuffner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2004.00651.x","article-title":"Algal contacts as a trigger for coral disease","volume":"7","author":"MM Nugues","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2006.00937.x","article-title":"Indirect effects of algae on coral: algae-mediated, microbe-induced coral mortality","volume":"9","author":"JE Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.2155","article-title":"Microbial to reef scale interactions between the reef-building coral <italic>Montastrea annularis<\/italic> and benthic algae","volume":"279","author":"KL Barott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Socienty London B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-012-0204-9","article-title":"Seaweed allelopathy against coral: surface distribution of seaweed secondary metabolites by imaging mass spectrometry","volume":"38","author":"TD Andras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Ecology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9683","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912095107","article-title":"Chemically rich macroalgae poison coral when not controlled by herbivores","volume":"107","author":"DB Rasher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2307\/2937073","article-title":"The role of herbivorous fishes in the organization of a Caribbean reef community","volume":"56","author":"SM Lewis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ecological Monographs"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.12.049","article-title":"Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change","volume":"17","author":"TP Hughes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16201","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801946105","article-title":"Herbivore species richness and feeding complementarily affect community structure and function: the case for Caribbean reefs","volume":"105","author":"DE Burkepile","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086050","article-title":"Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals","volume":"301","author":"TA Gardner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.04.020","article-title":"Avoiding coral reef functional collapse requires local and global action","volume":"23","author":"EV Kennedy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059199","article-title":"Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems","volume":"293","author":"JBC Jackson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013103928980","article-title":"White-band disease nd the changing face of Caribbean coral reefs","volume":"460","author":"RB Aronson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hydrobiologica"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Harmful algae on tropical coral reefs: Bottom-up eutrophication and top-down herbivory","volume":"4","author":"MM Littler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1890\/08-1781.1","article-title":"Assessing evidence of phase shifts from coral to macroalgal dominance on coral reefs","volume":"90","author":"JF Bruno","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5239","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005239","article-title":"Doom and boom on a resilient reef: climate change, algal overgrowth and coral recovery","volume":"4","author":"G Diaz-Pulido","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.10.009","article-title":"No-take areas, herbivory and coral reef resilience","volume":"22","author":"TP Hughes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07815","article-title":"Alternative states on coral reefs: beyond coral macro-algal phase shifts","volume":"376","author":"AV Norstr\u00f6m","year":"2009","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)01948-0","article-title":"Coral reef disturbance and resilience in a human-dominated environment","volume":"15","author":"M Nystr\u00f6m","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2006.11.007","article-title":"Interaction between benthic algae (Lyngbya bouilonii, Dictyota dichtoma) and scleractinian coral <italic>Porites lutea<\/italic> in direct contact","volume":"342","author":"EA Titlyanov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Coral Cay Conservation L (2005) Fisheries resource assessment report for the Korolevu-i-Wai-Qoliqoli, Viti Levu. Suva: University of South Pacific. 68 p."},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Froese R, Pauly D (2012) FishBase. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fishbase.org\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.fishbase.org<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2005.11.009","article-title":"Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe): A Visual Basic program for the determination of coral and substrate coverage using random point count methodology","volume":"32","author":"KE Kohler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Computers and Geosciences"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"36","article-title":"Image Processing with ImageJ","volume":"11","author":"MD Abramoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biophotonics International"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Team RDC (2008) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 3.0.1 ed. Viena, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3387","DOI":"10.1890\/07-2121.1","article-title":"What do interaction network metrics tell us about specialization and biological traits?","volume":"89","author":"N Bl\u00fcthgen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Manly BFJ (1997) Randomization, Bootstrap and Monte Carlo methods in biology. London: Chapman and Hall."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1979)108<344:REFIEI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Reliability estimates for Ivlev&apos;s Electivity Index, the forage ratio, and a proposed Linear Index of food selection","volume":"108","author":"RE Strauss","year":"1979","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1979)108<344:REFIEI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Reliability estimates for Ivlev&apos;s electivity index, the forage ratio, and a proposed linear index of food selection","volume":"108","author":"RE Strauss","year":"1979","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07055","article-title":"Macroalgal selectivity among an herbivorous reef fish assemblage","volume":"352","author":"CS Mantyka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0491.1","article-title":"Scale-dependent effects of habitat on movements and path structure of reef sharks at a predator-dominated atoll","volume":"90","author":"YP Papastamatiou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1169640","article-title":"Competition for light causes plant biodiversity loss after eutrophication","volume":"324","author":"Y Hautier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2011.01838.x","article-title":"Heating up relations between cold fish: competition modifies response to climate change","volume":"80","author":"MC Urban","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Ecology"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0339","article-title":"Flattening of Caribbean coral reefs: region-wide declines in architectural complexity","volume":"276","author":"L Alvarez-Filip","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1890\/12-0389.1","article-title":"Consumer diversity interacts with prey defenses to drive ecosystem function","volume":"94","author":"DB Rasher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fong P, Paul V (2011) Coral reef algae. In: Dubinsky Z, Noga S, editors. Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition. Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media B.V. pp. 241\u2013272.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0114-4_17"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-011-2174-y","article-title":"Effects of herbivory, nutrients, and reef protection on algal proliferation and coral growth on a tropical reef","volume":"169","author":"DB Rasher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2012.06.014","article-title":"Effects of macroalgae on corals recovering from disturbance","volume":"429","author":"D Bender","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2011.02391.x","article-title":"Coral reefs as drivers of cladogenesis: expanding coral reefs, cryptic extinction events, and the development of biodiversity hotspots","volume":"24","author":"PF Cowman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"5","article-title":"Seaweeds save the reef?! Sargassum canopy decreases coral bleaching on inshore reefs","volume":"8","author":"J Jompa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reef Research"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)00045-9","article-title":"Inclusion of facilitation into ecological theory","volume":"18","author":"JF Bruno","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1086\/284593","article-title":"Associational plant defenses and the maintenance of species diversity: turning competitors into accomplices","volume":"128","author":"ME Hay","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Naturalist"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3354\/meps237133","article-title":"Mortality, growth and reproduction in scleractinian corals following bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef","volume":"237","author":"AH Baird","year":"2002","journal-title":"Marine Ecology Progress Series"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315407055828","article-title":"Coral disease prevalence and coral health in the Wakatobi Marine Park, south-east Sulawesi, Indonesia","volume":"87","author":"J Haapkyl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the united Kingdom"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3354\/dao069041","article-title":"Distribution, host range and large-scale spatial variability in black band disease prevalence on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia","volume":"69","author":"C Page","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.10.030","article-title":"Sleeping Functional Group Drives Coral-Reef Recovery","author":"DR Bellwood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.05.062","article-title":"A comparison of Marine Protected Areas and alternative approaches to coral-reef management","volume":"16","author":"TR McClanahan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9278","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009278","article-title":"A global analysis of the effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas in preventing coral loss","volume":"5","author":"ER Selig","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0085786","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T22:53:41Z","timestamp":1565132021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0085786"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Tilmann","family":"Harder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,22]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0085786","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,22]]}}}