{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T02:54:47Z","timestamp":1779245687405,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]],"date-time":"2014-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398297600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]],"date-time":"2014-04-24T20:47:00Z","timestamp":1398372420000},"page":"e87180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Limited Brain Metabolism Changes Differentiate between the Progression and Clearance of Rabies Virus"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Keith","family":"Schutsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Portocarrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. Craig","family":"Hooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Dietzschold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milosz","family":"Faber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"360","article-title":"Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia","volume":"83","author":"DL Knobel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000053","article-title":"Transmission dynamics and prospects for the elimination of canine rabies","volume":"7","author":"K Hampson","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"WHO (2004) WHO technical report series 931. Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2008.01215.x","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of recombinant rabies viruses used for oral vaccination of stray dogs and wildlife","volume":"56","author":"M Faber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01342-07","article-title":"Double-labeled rabies virus: live tracking of enveloped virus transport","volume":"82","author":"Y Klingen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-197905000-00008","article-title":"Evidence for an intraaxonal transport of fixed and street rabies virus","volume":"38","author":"H Tsiang","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2217\/17460794.3.5.481","article-title":"Concepts in the pathogenesis of rabies","volume":"3","author":"B Dietzschold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.08.054","article-title":"Failures of post-exposure rabies prophylaxis","volume":"25","author":"H Wilde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11300","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905640106","article-title":"Effective preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis of rabies with a highly attenuated recombinant rabies virus","volume":"106","author":"M Faber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06699-11","article-title":"Postexposure treatment with the live-attenuated rabies virus (RV) vaccine TriGAS triggers the clearance of wild-type RV from the Central Nervous System (CNS) through the rapid induction of genes relevant to adaptive immunity in CNS tissues","volume":"86","author":"J Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02589-12","article-title":"Intramuscular Inoculation of Mice with the Live-Attenuated Recombinant Rabies Virus TriGAS Results in a Transient Infection of the Draining Lymph Nodes and a Robust, Long-Lasting Protective Immune Response against Rabies","volume":"87","author":"K Schutsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1080\/135502801753248105","article-title":"Silver-haired bat rabies virus variant does not induce apoptosis in the brain of experimentally infected mice","volume":"7","author":"X Yan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314774","article-title":"Rabies pathogenesis","volume":"54","author":"FA Murphy","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5603","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.7.5603-5607.1997","article-title":"Apoptosis plays an important role in experimental rabies virus infection","volume":"71","author":"AC Jackson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6674","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.67.11.6674-6681.1993","article-title":"Differential effects of rabies and borna disease viruses on immediate-early- and late-response gene expression in brain tissues","volume":"67","author":"ZF Fu","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280802235924","article-title":"Immune evasion by rabies viruses through the maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity","volume":"14","author":"A Roy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01964-06","article-title":"Failure to open the blood-brain barrier and deliver immune effectors to central nervous system tissues leads to the lethal outcome of silver-haired bat rabies virus infection","volume":"81","author":"A Roy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.060368","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling for the identification of novel biomarkers and mechanisms related to common cardiovascular diseases: form and function","volume":"126","author":"SH Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-012-1272-0","article-title":"Metabolomics: a novel approach to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers and pathogenesis in Alzheimer&apos;s disease","volume":"28","author":"XH Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280590900427","article-title":"Rabies virus receptors","volume":"11","author":"M Lafon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"315","article-title":"The acetylcholine receptor as a cellular receptor for rabies virus","volume":"56","author":"TL Lentz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1085-9489.2006.00066.x","article-title":"Acetyl-l-carnitine in the treatment of painful antiretroviral toxic neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus patients: an open label study","volume":"11","author":"M Osio","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Peripher Nerv Syst"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0238-6","article-title":"Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"53","author":"M Malaguarnera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06633.x","article-title":"Glucocorticoid regulation of inflammation and its functional correlates: from HPA axis to glucocorticoid receptor dysfunction","volume":"1261","author":"MN Silverman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1970.156.06.765","article-title":"Effects of corticosteroids on rabies virus infections in various animal species","volume":"156","author":"JB Enright","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7993","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00710-07","article-title":"Lethal silver-haired bat rabies virus infection can be prevented by opening the blood-brain barrier","volume":"81","author":"A Roy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34138","article-title":"Metabolomic analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals changes in phospholipase expression in the CNS of SIV-infected macaques","volume":"118","author":"WR Wikoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450600550519","article-title":"Primary biomarkers in cerebral spinal fluid obtained from patients with influenza-associated encephalopathy analyzed by metabolomics","volume":"116","author":"H Kawashima","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis479","article-title":"Metagenomic and metabolomic characterization of rabies encephalitis: new insights into the treatment of an ancient disease","volume":"207","author":"SN Reinke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1021\/pr3009176","article-title":"Metabolomics of cerebrospinal fluid from humans treated for rabies","volume":"12","author":"A O'Sullivan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"83","article-title":"Pathogenic rabies virus alters host protein expression in the central nervous system: implications for neuronal dysfunction","volume":"131","author":"ZF Fu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280601178226","article-title":"Proteomic profiling reveals that rabies virus infection results in differential expression of host proteins involved in ion homeostasis and synaptic physiology in the central nervous system","volume":"13","author":"V Dhingra","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01677-07","article-title":"Structural abnormalities in neurons are sufficient to explain the clinical disease and fatal outcome of experimental rabies in yellow fluorescent protein-expressing transgenic mice","volume":"82","author":"CA Scott","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-110173","article-title":"Stimulating nicotinic receptors trigger multiple pathways attenuating cytotoxicity in models of Alzheimer&apos;s and Parkinson&apos;s diseases","volume":"24 Suppl 2","author":"J Kawamata","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Chopy DM, Lafon M (2012) USE OF MECAMYLAMINE IN THE TREATMENT OF PATHOGEN-INFECTED PATIENTS WITH CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDER. Patent Application No: PCT\/EP2012\/061536, Publication Date: 20.12.2012; <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.wipo.int\" xlink:type=\"simple\">www.wipo.int<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.15690\/vramn.v67i9.400","article-title":"[Mechanisms of cerebral damage in patients with HIV-infection]","author":"NA Beliakov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4740","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2008.06612.x","article-title":"Increased glucose metabolism and ATP level in brain tissue of Huntington&apos;s disease transgenic mice","volume":"275","author":"J Olah","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2165\/11597760-000000000-00000","article-title":"Contributions of brain insulin resistance and deficiency in amyloid-related neurodegeneration in Alzheimer&apos;s disease","volume":"72","author":"SM de la Monte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100054056","article-title":"Rabies in the critical care unit: diagnostic and therapeutic approaches","volume":"38","author":"AC Jackson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.1.271","article-title":"Attenuation of the induction of nitric oxide synthase by endogenous glucocorticoids accounts for endotoxin tolerance in vivo","volume":"91","author":"C Szabo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0208104","article-title":"The role of glucocorticoids and progestins in inflammatory, autoimmune, and infectious disease","volume":"84","author":"AS Tait","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4811-9_67","article-title":"Glucocorticoid induced apoptosis in leukemia","volume":"457","author":"LA Smets","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.01.010","article-title":"Influenza virus-induced glucocorticoids compromise innate host defense against a secondary bacterial infection","volume":"7","author":"AM Jamieson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2005.18.41","article-title":"Immune modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during viral infection","volume":"18","author":"MN Silverman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"121","article-title":"Human rabies: clinical aspects, pathogenesis, and potential therapy","volume":"187","author":"T Hemachudha","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.3711-3719.1998","article-title":"Collaboration of antibody and inflammation in clearance of rabies virus from the central nervous system","volume":"72","author":"DC Hooper","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387040-7.00007-X","article-title":"The role of toll-like receptors in the induction of immune responses during rabies virus infection","volume":"79","author":"J Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1155\/S0962935193000699","article-title":"Immunological responses in patients with tuberculosis and in vivo effects of acetyl-L-carnitine oral administration","volume":"2","author":"E Jirillo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"135","article-title":"Vitamins and immunity: II. Influence of L-carnitine on the immune system","volume":"4","author":"C De Simone","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Vitaminol Enzymol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01250574","article-title":"Activity of L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine on cholinoceptive neocortical neurons of the rat in vivo","volume":"86","author":"L Janiri","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Gen Sect"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2012.10.006","article-title":"Translating the basic knowledge of mitochondrial functions to metabolic therapy: role of L-carnitine","volume":"161","author":"SM Marcovina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2009.08.004","article-title":"Acylcarnitines: role in brain","volume":"49","author":"LL Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01314672","article-title":"Plaque formation of herpes virus hominis type 2 and rubella virus in variants isolated from the colonies of BHK21\/WI-2 cells formed in soft agar","volume":"53","author":"M Sato","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14141","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.22.14141-14148.2005","article-title":"A single amino acid change in rabies virus glycoprotein increases virus spread and enhances virus pathogenicity","volume":"79","author":"M Faber","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7041","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00357-07","article-title":"Dominance of a nonpathogenic glycoprotein gene over a pathogenic glycoprotein gene in rabies virus","volume":"81","author":"M Faber","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7666","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.12.7666","article-title":"Regional differences in blood-brain barrier permeability changes and inflammation in the apathogenic clearance of virus from the central nervous system","volume":"176","author":"TW Phares","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0087180","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T15:08:24Z","timestamp":1746198504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0087180"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0087180","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,24]]}}}