{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:07:02Z","timestamp":1792181222591,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]],"date-time":"2014-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]],"date-time":"2014-01-29T21:55:27Z","timestamp":1391032527000},"page":"e87594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Chemical and Genetic Validation of the Statin Drug Target to Treat the Helminth Disease, Schistosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Liliana","family":"Rojo-Arreola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thavy","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Asarnow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conor R.","family":"Caffrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msq177","article-title":"Origins and early evolution of the mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis in the three domains of life","volume":"28","author":"J Lombard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-10-243","article-title":"The mevalonate pathway in <italic>C. elegans<\/italic>","volume":"10","author":"M Rauthan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lipids in Health and Disease"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.65.070196.001325","article-title":"Protein prenylation: molecular mechanisms and functional consequences","volume":"65","author":"FL Zhang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annual Review of Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2010.09.028","article-title":"Enzymes of the mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis","volume":"505","author":"HM Miziorko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3524","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-0489","article-title":"Novel aspects of mevalonate pathway inhibitors as antitumor agents","volume":"18","author":"M Thurnher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Cancer Research"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.68.1.157","article-title":"Sterols and isoprenoids: signaling molecules derived from the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway","volume":"68","author":"PA Edwards","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annual Review of Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00382a001","article-title":"Compactin (ML-236B) and related compounds as potential cholesterol-lowering agents that inhibit HMG-CoA reductase","volume":"28","author":"A Endo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)41379-3","article-title":"The discovery and development of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors","volume":"33","author":"A Endo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Lipid Research"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-002-0932-9","article-title":"Biosynthesis and biotechnological production of statins by filamentous fungi and application of these cholesterol-lowering drugs","volume":"58","author":"M Manzoni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-2239-6","article-title":"Biotechnological production and applications of statins","volume":"85","author":"J Barrios-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1901","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of statins: clinical evidence and basic mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"MK Jain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Drug Discovery"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1839","article-title":"Statin therapy and autoimmune disease: from protein prenylation to immunomodulation","volume":"6","author":"J Greenwood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Immunology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1751","article-title":"Statins and cancer prevention","volume":"5","author":"M-F Demierre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Cancer"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2013.02.002","article-title":"Statins: Perspectives in cancer therapeutics","volume":"45","author":"L Corcos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Digestive and liver disease: official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1996.16.435","article-title":"Lovastatin inhibits interferon-gamma-induced <italic>Trypanosoma brucei brucei<\/italic> proliferation: evidence for mevalonate pathway involvement","volume":"16","author":"M Andersson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.3.580","article-title":"Mevinolin (lovastatin) potentiates the antiproliferative effects of ketoconazole and terbinafine against <italic>Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi<\/italic>: <italic>in vitro<\/italic> and <italic>in vivo<\/italic> studies","volume":"37","author":"JA Urbina","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3490027","article-title":"Characterization and regulation of <italic>Leishmania major<\/italic> 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase","volume":"349","author":"A Montalvetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Biochemical Journal"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R500016-JLR200","article-title":"Thematic review series: lipid posttranslational modifications. Fighting parasitic disease by blocking protein farnesylation","volume":"47","author":"RT Eastman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Lipid Research"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2654","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01330-06","article-title":"Atorvastatin is 10-fold more active <italic>in vitro<\/italic> than other statins against <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic>","volume":"51","author":"B Pradines","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-139","article-title":"Atorvastatin as a potential anti-malarial drug: <italic>in vitro<\/italic> synergy in combinational therapy with quinine against <italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/italic>","volume":"9","author":"V Parquet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8217","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.21.8217","article-title":"Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase from the human parasite <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic>","volume":"86","author":"A Rajkovic","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90226-N","article-title":"Characterization of mevalonate-labeled lipids isolated from parasite proteins in <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic>","volume":"59","author":"G-Z Chen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e779","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000779","article-title":"The global atlas of helminth infection: mapping the way forward in neglected tropical disease control","volume":"4","author":"S Brooker","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328349156f","article-title":"Schistosomiasis: from drug deployment to drug development","volume":"24","author":"CR Caffrey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)34418-7","article-title":"Progress in understanding the LDL receptor and HMG-CoA reductase, two membrane proteins that regulate the plasma cholesterol","volume":"25","author":"JL Goldstein","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Lipid Research"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.117.5.959","article-title":"Immunological evidence for eight spans in the membrane domain of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase: implications for enzyme degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum","volume":"117","author":"J Roitelman","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of Cell Biology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.5.819","article-title":"Crystal structure of the catalytic portion of human HMG-CoA reductase: insights into regulation of activity and catalysis","volume":"19","author":"ES Istvan","year":"2000","journal-title":"The EMBO Journal"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2011.07.002","article-title":"Regulation of HMG-CoA reductase in mammals and yeast","volume":"50","author":"JS Burg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Progress in Lipid Research"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(91)90010-T","article-title":"Purification and characterization of 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase of <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic>: regulation of parasite enzyme activity differs from mammalian host","volume":"73","author":"G-Z Chen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(70)90170-0","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in the parasitic and free-living flatworms, <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic> and <italic>Dugesia dorotocephala<\/italic>","volume":"210","author":"F Meyer","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb0803-684","article-title":"Why do worms need cholesterol","volume":"5","author":"TV Kurzchalia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Cell Biology"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"R618","article-title":"Physiological role of HMG-CoA reductase in regulating egg production by <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic>","volume":"257","author":"EA Vandewaa","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822002000100007","article-title":"<italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic>: the action of lovastatin on the murine model","volume":"35","author":"N Araujo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"477","article-title":"Antischistosomal action of mevinolin: evidence that 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase activity in <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic> is vital for parasite survival","volume":"342","author":"G-Z Chen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e478","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000478","article-title":"Drug discovery for schistosomiasis: hit and lead compounds identified in a library of known drugs by medium-throughput phenotypic screening","volume":"3","author":"M-H Abdulla","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009000493","article-title":"Praziquantel: its use in control of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa and current research needs","volume":"136","author":"MJ Doenhoff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e850","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000850","article-title":"RNA Interference in <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic> schistosomula: selectivity, sensitivity and operation for larger-scale screening","volume":"4","author":"S \u0160tefanic","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2307\/3280632","article-title":"Cultivation of <italic>Schistosoma mansoni in vitro<\/italic>. I. Establishment of cultures from cercariae and development until pairing","volume":"67","author":"PF Basch","year":"1981","journal-title":"The Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(85)90020-8","article-title":"Praziquantel: mechanisms of anti-schistosomal activity","volume":"29","author":"P Andrews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2013.2247412","article-title":"Segmenting the etiological agent of schistosomiasis for high-content screening","volume":"32","author":"DE Asarnow","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1762","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001762","article-title":"Whole organism high-content screening by label-free, image-based bayesian classification for parasitic diseases","volume":"6","author":"RA Paveley","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh R, Pittas M, Heskia I, Xu F, McKerrow JH, et al. (2009) Automated image-based phenotypic screening for high-throughput drug discovery. IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS) 2009, 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMS.2009.5255338"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-13-S1-S4","article-title":"Quantification and clustering of phenotypic screening data using time-series analysis for chemotherapy of schistosomiasis","volume":"13","author":"H Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1962.1057692","article-title":"Visual pattern recognition by moment invariants","volume":"8","author":"M-K Hu","year":"1962","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory\/Professional Technical Group on Information Theory"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1973.4309314","article-title":"Textural features for image classification","volume":"SMC-3","author":"RM Haralick","year":"1973","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1109\/34.531803","article-title":"Texture features for browsing and retrieval of image data","volume":"18","author":"BS Manjunath","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018","article-title":"Support-vector networks","volume":"20","author":"C Cortes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"ref48","unstructured":"Platt JC (1998) Sequential minimal optimization: a fast algorithm for training support vector machines. Microsoft Research. 21 p."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040014","article-title":"Schistosomiasis mansoni: novel chemotherapy using a cysteine protease inhibitor","volume":"4","author":"M-H Abdulla","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rozen S, Skaletsky H (1999) Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. In: Misener S, Krawetz S, editors. Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols. pp. 365\u2013386.","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-192-2:365"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.236","article-title":"Quantification of mRNA using real-time RT-PCR","volume":"1","author":"T Nolan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Protocols"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R65","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-4-r65","article-title":"Gene expression patterns during adaptation of a helminth parasite to different environmental niches","volume":"8","author":"E Jolly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Biology"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e449","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000449","article-title":"SmCL3, a gastrodermal cysteine protease of the human blood fluke <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic>","volume":"3","author":"J Dvo\u0159\u00e1k","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2<sup>\u2212\u0394\u0394CT<\/sup> method","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods: a companion to Methods in Enzymology"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2009.06.001","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce apoptosis, histone hyperacetylation and up-regulation of gene transcription in <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic>","volume":"168","author":"F Dubois","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095748","article-title":"Pleiotropic effects of statins","volume":"45","author":"JK Liao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2005.05.056","article-title":"Effects of statins beyond lipid lowering: Potential for clinical benefits","volume":"109","author":"K Almuti","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2007.11.004","article-title":"Pleiotropic effects of statin therapy: molecular mechanisms and clinical results","volume":"14","author":"C-Y Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends in Molecular Medicine"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2011.01.002","article-title":"Inhibition of the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway; detection of intermediates by UPLC- MS\/MS","volume":"1811","author":"L Henneman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.08.006","article-title":"Antischistosomal action of atorvastatin alone and concurrently with medroxyprogesterone acetate on <italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/italic> harboured in hamster: surface ultrastructure and parasitological study","volume":"93","author":"MFM Soliman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e804","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000804","article-title":"Identification of attractive drug targets in neglected-disease pathogens using an <italic>in silico<\/italic> approach","volume":"4","author":"GJ Crowther","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08160","article-title":"The genome of the blood fluke <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic>","volume":"460","author":"M Berriman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2012.09.008","article-title":"Apoptosis phenomenon in the schistosomulum and adult worm life cycle stages of <italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/italic>","volume":"62","author":"H Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitology International"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15051","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910258107","article-title":"Dysregulation of the mevalonate pathway promotes transformation","volume":"107","author":"JW Clendening","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2013.04.011","article-title":"Simvastatin induced HCT116 colorectal cancer cell apoptosis through p38MAPK-p53-survivin signaling cascade","volume":"1830","author":"H-L Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00029-8","article-title":"Characterization of the Ras homologue of <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic>","volume":"100","author":"A Osman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00046-8","article-title":"Characterisation of a Rho homologue of <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic>","volume":"33","author":"JJ Vermeire","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006998","article-title":"The Formin-homology rotein SmDia interacts with the Src kinase SmTK and the GTPase SmRho1 in the gonads of <italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic>","volume":"4","author":"T Quack","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1211\/146080899128734820","article-title":"Differentiation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors by their relative lipophilicity","volume":"5","author":"H Joshi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacy and Pharmacology Communications"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020422900701","article-title":"Studies of the isoprenoid-mediated inhibition of mevalonate synthesis applied to cancer chemotherapy and chemoprevention","volume":"229","author":"H Mo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Experimental Biology and Medicine\/Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.10-8-565","article-title":"Development of farnesyl transferase inhibitors: a review","volume":"10","author":"NMGM Appels","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Oncologist"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3151","article-title":"Targeting protein prenylation for cancer therapy","volume":"11","author":"N Berndt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Cancer"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2011.387","article-title":"Measurement of protein farnesylation and geranylgeranylation <italic>in vitro<\/italic>, in cultured cells and in biopsies, and the effects of prenyl transferase inhibitors","volume":"6","author":"N Berndt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature Protocols"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1138\/20080341","article-title":"An update on the pharmacology of bisphosphonates and analogues with lower bone affinity","volume":"5","author":"FP Coxon","year":"2008","journal-title":"IBMS BoneKEy"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.175521","article-title":"Bisphosphonates induce autophagy by depleting geranylgeranyl diphosphate","volume":"337","author":"BM Wasko","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33930","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M103950200","article-title":"Bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic> farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase","volume":"276","author":"A Montalvetti","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2003.07.020","article-title":"Selective <italic>in vitro<\/italic> effects of the farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitor risedronate on <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/italic>","volume":"23","author":"LR Garzoni","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ochocki JD, Distefano MD (2013) Prenyltransferase inhibitors: treating human ailments from cancer to parasitic infections. Medicinal Chemistry Communications 10.1039\/C2MD20299A","DOI":"10.1039\/C2MD20299A"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1138","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001138","article-title":"Potential drug development candidates for human soil-transmitted helminthiases","volume":"5","author":"P Olliaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Hostos EL, Nguyen T (2012) Anthelmintic drugs: tools and shortcuts for the long road from discovery to product. In: Caffrey CR, editor. Parasitic Helminths: Genes, Screens, Drugs and Vaccines. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. pp. 217\u2013232.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527652969.ch13"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00389899","article-title":"Praziquantel, a new broad-spectrum antischistosomal agent","volume":"52","author":"R G\u00f6nnert","year":"1977","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Parasitenkunde"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"III-50-III-57","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000131519.15067.1f","article-title":"Safety of statins: focus on clinical pharmacokinetics and drug interactions","volume":"109","author":"S Bellosta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-005-0013-8","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic effects of high dose lovastatin in subjects with advanced malignancies","volume":"57","author":"S Holstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(86)90184-0","article-title":"<italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/italic>: chemotherapy of infections of different ages","volume":"61","author":"AA Sabah","year":"1986","journal-title":"Experimental Parasitology"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60586-7","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis","volume":"376","author":"MJ Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-53","article-title":"Long term impact of large scale community-directed delivery of doxycycline for the treatment of onchocerciasis","volume":"5","author":"F Tamarozzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0087594","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T17:44:16Z","timestamp":1648143856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0087594"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Keiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0087594","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]]}}}