{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:02:26Z","timestamp":1770814946177,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]],"date-time":"2014-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392768000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]],"date-time":"2014-02-19T23:18:19Z","timestamp":1392851899000},"page":"e88767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Vitamin D Deficiency and Exogenous Vitamin D Excess Similarly Increase Diffuse Atherosclerotic Calcification in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Timothy","family":"Ellam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Risat","family":"ul Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Munitta","family":"Muthana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Wilkie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheila E.","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy J. A.","family":"Chico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.11.1174","article-title":"25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men: a prospective study","volume":"168","author":"E Giovannucci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2368","article-title":"Low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D are associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction, especially in women: results from the MONICA\/KORA Augsburg case-cohort study","volume":"98","author":"M Karakas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.513655","article-title":"Low vitamin d levels predict stroke in patients referred to coronary angiography","volume":"39","author":"S Pilz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23738","article-title":"25-hydroxyvitamin D and symptomatic ischemic stroke: an original study and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"P Brondum-Jacobsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.12.1340","article-title":"Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality","volume":"168","author":"H Dobnig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1035","article-title":"Vitamin D, race, and cardiovascular mortality: findings from a national US sample","volume":"8","author":"K Fiscella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.160929","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with inflammation-linked vascular endothelial dysfunction in middle-aged and older adults","volume":"57","author":"KL Jablonski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.6.1755","article-title":"Active serum vitamin D levels are inversely correlated with coronary calcification","volume":"96","author":"KE Watson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giallauria F, Milaneschi Y, Tanaka T, Maggio M, Canepa M, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2012) Arterial Stiffness and Vitamin D Levels: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-1584"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2009.135","article-title":"Vitamin D status and arterial hypertension: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"S Pilz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0298","article-title":"The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"AG Pittas","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.11.1159","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"167","author":"D Martins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.119693","article-title":"Vitamin D and lipids: do we really need more studies?","volume":"126","author":"R Jorde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1009570","article-title":"Clinical practice. Vitamin D insufficiency","volume":"364","author":"CJ Rosen","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0398","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"MB Elamin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1283","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1195","article-title":"Optimal vitamin d status: a critical analysis on the basis of evidence-based medicine","volume":"98","author":"R Bouillon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.08.007","article-title":"A role for the cell cycle phosphatase Cdc25a in vitamin D-dependent inhibition of adult rat vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation","volume":"122","author":"S Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1059","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00051.2008","article-title":"Calcitriol blunts the deleterious impact of advanced glycation end products on endothelial cells","volume":"294","author":"Y Talmor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15469","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015469","article-title":"In vivo activation of the intracrine vitamin D pathway in innate immune cells and mammary tissue during a bacterial infection","volume":"5","author":"CD Nelson","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.032680","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of the vitamin D receptor gene results in cardiac hypertrophy","volume":"124","author":"S Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.17","article-title":"Vitamin D: a pleiotropic hormone","volume":"78","author":"A Verstuyf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E125","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00224.2004","article-title":"Cardiac hypertrophy in vitamin D receptor knockout mice: role of the systemic and cardiac renin-angiotensin systems","volume":"288","author":"W Xiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2011-1329","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor signaling inhibits atherosclerosis in mice","volume":"26","author":"FL Szeto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0004","article-title":"Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice","volume":"29","author":"R Bouillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.22","article-title":"Combined vitamin D analog and AT1 receptor antagonist synergistically block the development of kidney disease in a model of type 2 diabetes","volume":"77","author":"DK Deb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007080902","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor activators can protect against vascular calcification","volume":"19","author":"S Mathew","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.231001","article-title":"Dietary phosphate modulates atherogenesis and insulin resistance in apolipoprotein e knockout mice\u2013brief report","volume":"31","author":"T Ellam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01760506","article-title":"Calcification of coronary intima and media: immunohistochemistry, backscatter imaging, and x-ray analysis in renal and nonrenal patients","volume":"2","author":"ML Gross","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35316","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035316","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor deficiency and low vitamin D diet stimulate aortic calcification and osteogenic key factor expression in mice","volume":"7","author":"N Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.22.120501.150216","article-title":"Hydroxylase enzymes of the vitamin D pathway: expression, function, and regulation","volume":"22","author":"JL Omdahl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.144824","article-title":"Osteopontin: a multifunctional molecule regulating chronic inflammation and vascular disease","volume":"27","author":"M Scatena","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.051211","article-title":"Reversibility of calcitriol-induced medial artery calcification in rats with intact renal function","volume":"21","author":"A Bas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008111157","article-title":"25-hydroxyvitamin D levels inversely associate with risk for developing coronary artery calcification","volume":"20","author":"IH de Boer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.211805","article-title":"Association of the vitamin D metabolism gene CYP24A1 with coronary artery calcification","volume":"30","author":"H Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.322","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor agonists increase klotho and osteopontin while decreasing aortic calcification in mice with chronic kidney disease fed a high phosphate diet","volume":"82","author":"WL Lau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007090993","article-title":"A bimodal association of vitamin D levels and vascular disease in children on dialysis","volume":"19","author":"R Shroff","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.196576","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor activators induce an anticalcific paracrine program in macrophages: requirement of osteopontin","volume":"30","author":"X Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.02.029","article-title":"Prevalence of calcidiol deficiency in CKD: a cross-sectional study across latitudes in the United States","volume":"45","author":"RE LaClair","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0969","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism and action in human bone marrow stromal cells","volume":"151","author":"S Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54625","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054625","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency induces high blood pressure and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice","volume":"8","author":"S Weng","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.215459","article-title":"Oral administration of an active form of vitamin D3 (calcitriol) decreases atherosclerosis in mice by inducing regulatory T cells and immature dendritic cells with tolerogenic functions","volume":"30","author":"M Takeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F772","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00042.2010","article-title":"Effect of paricalcitol and calcitriol on aortic wall remodeling in uninephrectomized ApoE knockout mice","volume":"300","author":"LE Becker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.09.002","article-title":"Phosphate: the new cholesterol? The role of the phosphate axis in non-uremic vascular disease","volume":"220","author":"TJ Ellam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2003.12.029","article-title":"Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study of younger and older adults","volume":"116","author":"HA Bischoff-Ferrari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"The VITAL Study. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT01169259\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT01169259<\/ext-link> Accessed 2013 Aug 8."}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0088767","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T05:00:44Z","timestamp":1589000444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0088767"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Mohanraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0088767","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,19]]}}}