{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:08:49Z","timestamp":1777385329696,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]],"date-time":"2014-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392854400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]],"date-time":"2014-02-20T22:22:24Z","timestamp":1392934944000},"page":"e89043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A Prospective Cohort Study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Risk and Opium Addiction in South Eastern Iran"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Aflatoonian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iraj","family":"Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Hakimi Parizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali Reza","family":"Fekri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Behnaz","family":"Aflatoonian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Khosravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Khamesipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime website. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/data-and-analysis\/WDR2011\/WDR2011-web.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">www.unodc.org\/documents\/data-and-analysis\/WDR2011\/WDR2011-web.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2011 October 4."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime website. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/data-and-analysis\/Studies\/Afghan-Drug-Survey-2009-Executive-Summary-web.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/data-and-analysis\/Studies\/Afghan-Drug-Survey-2009-Executive-Summary-web.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2011 October 12."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"United Nations (2003) Global illicit drug trends: Pretoria: UNODC New York. 101\u2013136."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime website. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/data-and-analysis\/WDR2012\/WDR_2012_web_\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/data-and-analysis\/WDR2012\/WDR_2012_web_<\/ext-link> small. pdf. Accessed 2012 August 22."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2010.03.008","article-title":"Scaling up methadone maintenance treatment for opioid-dependent prisoners in Iran","volume":"Policy21","author":"M Farnia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inter J Drug"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2010) Control of the leishmaniases. Report of a Meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Leishmaniases, WHO Technical Report Series 949, Geneva. 1\u2013187."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives","volume":"27","author":"P Desjeux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00136-3","article-title":"The leishmaniasis as emerging and re-emerging zoonoses","volume":"30","author":"RW Ashford","year":"2000","journal-title":"Inter J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"15","article-title":"Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Bam, southeast Iran","volume":"24","author":"A Nadim","year":"1995","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Shirzadi MR, Gouya MM (2010) National Guidelines for cutaneous leishmaniasis surveillance in Iran, M.o.H.a.M.E. Zoonoses Control Department, Tehran, I.R. Iran, 1\u201378."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90223-8","article-title":"The increase in risk factors for the leishmaniasis worldwide","volume":"95","author":"P Desjeux","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tran Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.111-126.2006","article-title":"Drug resistance in leishmaniasis","volume":"19","author":"SL Croft","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"49","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Bam: A comparative evaluation of pre- and post- earthquake years (1999\u20132008)","volume":"40","author":"I Sharifi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iranian J Publ Health"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5055\/ajdm.2009.0026","article-title":"Adverse impact of international NGOs during and after the Bam earthquake: health system\u2019s consumers\u2019 points of view","volume":"4(3)","author":"SH Seyedin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Disaster Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-5-4","article-title":"Psychological distress among Bam earthquake survivors in Iran: a population-based study","volume":"11","author":"A Montazeri","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)03528-X","article-title":"Opioids in pain management","volume":"353","author":"H Mc Quay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990701301293","article-title":"Epidemiology of opium use in the general population","volume":"33","author":"J Ahmadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2011.00170.x","article-title":"Possible association between human blood types and opioid addiction","volume":"20","author":"MR Aflatoonian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3923\/jas.2005.380.382","article-title":"The household survey of drug abuse in Kerman, Iran","volume":"5","author":"H Ziaaddini","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Applied Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021963099004965","article-title":"Substance abuse in young people","volume":"41","author":"E Gilrame","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psyc"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197509042931013","article-title":"Editorial: Measurement of delayed skin-test responses","volume":"293","author":"JE Sokal","year":"1975","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.10.2877-2881.1998","article-title":"A nested-PCR-based schizodeme method for identifying <italic>Leishmania<\/italic> kinetoplast minicircle classes directly from clinical samples and its application to the study of the epidemiology of <italic>Leishmania tropica<\/italic> in Pakistan","volume":"36","author":"HA Noyes","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.023","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region","volume":"Agents36","author":"JA Postigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"76","article-title":"Post traumatic stress disorder and general symptoms of anxiety in adolescent survivors of Bam earthquake","volume":"1","author":"SS Mousavi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Iran J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa013404","article-title":"Psychological squeal of the september 11 terrorist attacks in New York city","volume":"346","author":"S Galea","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701138","article-title":"Antinociceptive and immunosuppressive effects of opiate drugs: a structure-related activity study","volume":"121","author":"P Sacerdote","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00085-6","article-title":"Opioid-induced immunosuppression: is it centrally mediated or peripherally mediated?","volume":"65","author":"G Wei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907e12","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.11.3907","article-title":"Opioid mediated suppression of cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cell respiratory burst activity","volume":"138","author":"PK Peterson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500e8","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199509000-00008","article-title":"Morphine inhibits spontaneous and cytokine-enhanced natural killer cell cytotoxicity in volunteers","volume":"83","author":"MP Yeager","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581e6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)11336-0","article-title":"Chronic morphine administration impairs cell-mediated immune responses in swine","volume":"260","author":"TW Molitor","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657e73","DOI":"10.3109\/08923979209005416","article-title":"Differential effects of morphine and naltrexone on the antibody response in various mouse strains","volume":"14","author":"JL Bussiere","year":"1992","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181e92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-3109(99)00172-1","article-title":"Heroin modulates the expression of inducible nitric oxide syntheses","volume":"46","author":"DT Lysle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunopharmacology"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-007-9094-y","article-title":"Morphine-induced neuroimmunomodulation in murine visceral leishmaniasis: the role (s) of cytokines and nitric oxide","volume":"2","author":"PP Singh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"605","article-title":"Lethality of morphine in mice infected with <italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/italic>","volume":"252","author":"CC Chao","year":"1990","journal-title":"J PharmacolExpTher"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"695","article-title":"[Drug addiction, anorexia: what is the connection?]","volume":"144","author":"C Voukassovitch","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Med Psychol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-005-0032-8","article-title":"Nocturnal activity of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in Chichaoua, Morocco","volume":"Res98(3)","author":"S Guernaoui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Parasitol"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0089043","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T22:10:28Z","timestamp":1746137428000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0089043"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nicholas M.","family":"Pajewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0089043","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]]}}}