{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T20:50:16Z","timestamp":1767991816852,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,28]],"date-time":"2014-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393545600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,28]],"date-time":"2014-02-28T22:19:00Z","timestamp":1393625940000},"page":"e90505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Selection for Phase Variation of LOS Biosynthetic Genes Frequently Occurs in Progression of Non-Typeable Haemophilus influenzae Infection from the Nasopharynx to the Middle Ear of Human Patients"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kate L.","family":"Fox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Atack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yogitha N.","family":"Srikhanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Eckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura A.","family":"Novotny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren O.","family":"Bakaletz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199702001-00002","article-title":"Role of nontypeable <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic> in pediatric respiratory tract infections","volume":"16","author":"JO Klein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.5.723","article-title":"Outer membrane protein and lipooligosaccharide analysis of paired nasopharyngeal and middle ear isolates in otitis media due to nontypable <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic>: pathogenetic and epidemiological observations","volume":"156","author":"TF Murphy","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.6.3304-3309.1990","article-title":"Characterization of repetitive sequences controlling phase variation of <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic> lipopolysaccharide","volume":"172","author":"JN Weiser","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.40.110405.090442","article-title":"Bacterial Contingency Loci: The Role of Simple Sequence DNA Repeats in Bacterial Adaptation","volume":"40","author":"R Moxon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.57.10.3045-3052.1989","article-title":"Identification of a chromosomal locus for expression of lipopolysaccharide epitopes in <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic>","volume":"57","author":"JN Weiser","year":"1989","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01257.x","article-title":"The role of a repetitive DNA motif (<named-content xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" content-type=\"gene\" xlink:type=\"simple\">5\u2032-CAAT-3\u2032<\/named-content>) in the variable expression of the <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic> lipopolysaccharide epitope alpha Gal(1\u20134)beta Gal","volume":"9","author":"NJ High","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40024","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M602314200","article-title":"Identification of a Bifunctional Lipopolysaccharide Sialyltransferase in <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic>: INCORPORATION OF DISIALIC ACID","volume":"281","author":"KL Fox","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4861","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.11.4861-4867.1994","article-title":"Identification of a new locus involved in expression of <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic> type b lipooligosaccharide","volume":"62","author":"GP Jarosik","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04814.x","article-title":"Novel lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic genes containing tetranucleotide repeats in <italic>Haemophilus influenza<\/italic>e, identification of a gene for adding O-acetyl groups","volume":"58","author":"KL Fox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.20.11121","article-title":"DNA repeats identify novel virulence genes in <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic>","volume":"93","author":"DW Hood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12214","article-title":"Evasion of killing by human antibody and complement through multiple variations in the surface oligosaccharide of <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic>","volume":"88","author":"SE Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit240","article-title":"Analysis of nontypeable <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic> Phase Variable Genes during Experimental Human Nasopharyngeal Colonization","volume":"208","author":"J Poole","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1086\/509824","article-title":"<italic>Haemophilus haemolyticus<\/italic>: a human respiratory tract commensal to be distinguished from <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic>","volume":"195","author":"TF Murphy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5242","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm571","article-title":"<italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic> phasevarions have evolved from type III DNA restriction systems into epigenetic regulators of gene expression","volume":"35","author":"KL Fox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.4.1351-1356.1997","article-title":"Molecular variation in the major outer membrane protein P5 gene of nonencapsulated <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic> during chronic infections","volume":"65","author":"B Duim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1993.1044","article-title":"Genetic analysis of the diversity in outer membrane protein P2 of non-encapsulated <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic>","volume":"14","author":"B Duim","year":"1993","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90011-1","article-title":"The molecular mechanism of phase variation of <italic>H. influenzae<\/italic> lipopolysaccharide","volume":"59","author":"JN Weiser","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.4.631","article-title":"Phosphorylcholine on the lipopolysaccharide of <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic> contributes to persistence in the respiratory tract and sensitivity to serum killing mediated by C-reactive protein","volume":"187","author":"JN Weiser","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01952.x","article-title":"Non-typeable <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic> adhere to and invade human bronchial epithelial cells via an interaction of lipooligosaccharide with the PAF receptor","volume":"37","author":"WE Swords","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6226","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00722-06","article-title":"Role of <italic>lgt<\/italic>C in Resistance of Nontypeable <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic> Strain R2866 to Human Serum","volume":"74","author":"AL Erwin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.12.010","article-title":"Infant rat infection modifies phenotypic properties of an invasive nontypeable <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic>","volume":"14","author":"D Tsao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.8.4593-4597.2000","article-title":"Evaluation of phase variation of nontypeable <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic> lipooligosaccharide during nasopharyngeal colonization and development of otitis media in the chinchilla model","volume":"68","author":"HH Tong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00815-06","article-title":"Identification of the Functional Initiation Codons of a Phase-Variable Gene of <italic>Haemophilus influenzae, lic2A<\/italic>, with the Potential for Differential Expression","volume":"189","author":"K Dixon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01509.x","article-title":"Sialic acid in the lipopolysaccharide of <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic>: strain distribution, influence on serum resistance and structural characterization","volume":"33","author":"DW Hood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01054-06","article-title":"Role of complement in defense of the middle ear revealed by restoring the virulence of nontypeable <italic>Haemophilus influenzae siaB<\/italic> mutants","volume":"75","author":"MA Figueira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.7.4249-4260.2004","article-title":"Nontypeable <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic> Strain 2019 Produces a Biofilm Containing N-Acetylneuraminic Acid That May Mimic Sialylated O-Linked Glycans","volume":"72","author":"LL Greiner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8898","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1432026100","article-title":"Host-derived sialic acid is incorporated into <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic> lipopolysaccharide and is a major virulence factor in experimental otitis media","volume":"100","author":"V Bouchet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01710-07","article-title":"Application of capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography multiple-step tandem electrospray mass spectrometry to profile glycoform expression during <italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/italic> pathogenesis in the chinchilla model of experimental otitis media","volume":"76","author":"SL Lundstrom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.7.3707-3713.2002","article-title":"Effect of O Acetylation of <italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/italic> Serogroup A Capsular Polysaccharide on Development of Functional Immune Responses","volume":"70","author":"DS Berry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.63.2.437-441.1995","article-title":"Acetylation (O-factor 5) affects the structural and immunological properties of <italic>Salmonella typhimurium<\/italic> lipopolysaccharide O antigen","volume":"63","author":"JM Slauch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Immun"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0090505","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,15]],"date-time":"2020-08-15T22:16:37Z","timestamp":1597529797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0090505"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Manganelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,28]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0090505","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,28]]}}}