{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T13:35:05Z","timestamp":1790516105397,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]],"date-time":"2014-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394150400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]],"date-time":"2014-03-07T16:19:40Z","timestamp":1394209180000},"page":"e90514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":211,"title":["Understanding Racial HIV\/STI Disparities in Black and White Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Multilevel Approach"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Patrick S.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli S.","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen F.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura F.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Frew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Wingood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"DiClemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos del","family":"Rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Mulligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis H.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.5.520","article-title":"Estimation of HIV incidence in the United States","volume":"300","author":"HI Hall","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17502","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017502","article-title":"Estimated HIV incidence in the United States, 2006\u20132009","volume":"6","author":"J Prejean","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601206010098","article-title":"Estimating the population size of men who have sex with men in the United States to obtain HIV and syphilis rates","volume":"6","author":"DW Purcell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open AIDS J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maulsby C, Millett G, Lindsey K, Kelley R, Johnson K, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2013) HIV Among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in the United States: A Review of the Literature. AIDS Behav.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0476-2"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70413","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070413","article-title":"Correlates of HIV Acquisition in a Cohort of Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States: HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 061","volume":"8","author":"BA Koblin","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282e9a64b","article-title":"Explaining disparities in HIV infection among black and white men who have sex with men: a meta-analysis of HIV risk behaviors","volume":"21","author":"GA Millett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Greater Risk for HIV Infection of Black Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Critical Literature Review","volume":"96","author":"GA Millett","year":"2006","journal-title":"AmJPublic Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sullivan PS, Wolitski RJ (2007) HIV infection among gay and bisexual men. In: Wolitski RJ, Stall R, Valdiserri RO, editors. Unequal Oppportunity: Health Disparities Affecting Gay and Bisexual Men in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 220\u2013247.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195301533.003.0008"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.101.4.568","article-title":"Nature-nurture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: a bioecological model","volume":"101","author":"U Bronfenbrenner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Surveillance Report, 2011; vol. 23. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/topics\/surveillance\/resources\/reports\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/topics\/surveillance\/resources\/reports\/<\/ext-link>. Published February 2013. Accessed 2013 Jul 3."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Georgia Department of Public Health. Georgia HIV Surveillance Data: Data, Fact Sheet, and Summaries [online surveillance report]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/dph.georgia.gov\/data-fact-sheet-summaries\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/dph.georgia.gov\/data-fact-sheet-summaries<\/ext-link>. Archvied at: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/6NLb9k2vi\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/6NLb9k2vi<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2014 Feb 12."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Georgia Department of Public Health. Georgia STD Epidemiology 2012 STD Annual Report [online surveillance report]. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/dph.georgia.gov\/std-epidemiology\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/dph.georgia.gov\/std-epidemiology<\/ext-link>. Archvied at: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/6NLbR2UMU\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/6NLbR2UMU<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2014 Feb 12."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549071220S107","article-title":"Surveillance of HIV risk and prevention behaviors of men who have sex with men - A national application of venue-based, time-space sampling","volume":"122","author":"DA MacKellar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV among Gay and Bisexual Men [online surveillance fact sheet]. May 2012. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/topics\/msm\/pdf\/msm.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/topics\/msm\/pdf\/msm.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2012 Sep 20."},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk, prevention, and testing behaviors\u2013United States, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System: men who have sex with men, November 2003-April 2005","volume":"55","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Rosenberg E, Sullivan PS (2010) A new online survey module to measure sexual partnership timing with results from a focus group of MSM. Sex::Tech. San Francisco."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05069-11","article-title":"Performance of a rapid and simple HIV testing algorithm in a multicenter phase III microbicide clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"T Crucitti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Association of Public Health Laboratories (2009) HIV Testing Algorithms: A Status Report."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.2307\/4589890","article-title":"Rapid plasma reagin test for syphilis","volume":"72","author":"J Portinoy","year":"1957","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.3.1008-1016.2001","article-title":"Multicenter evaluation of the BDProbeTec ET System for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in urine specimens, female endocervical swabs, and male urethral swabs","volume":"39","author":"B Van Der Pol","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/10647440500068248","article-title":"Real-time PCR improves detection of Trichomonas vaginalis infection compared with culture using self-collected vaginal swabs","volume":"13","author":"AM Caliendo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.1999.01202.x","article-title":"Test-based exact confidence intervals for the difference of two binomial proportions","volume":"55","author":"IS Chan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2307\/2532051","article-title":"A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility","volume":"45","author":"LI Lin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morris M (2004) Network epidemiology: a handbook for survey design and data collection. Morris M, editor. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/0199269017.001.0001"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Madden M, Zickuhr K. 65% of Online Adults Use Social Networking Sites. Pew Internet and American Life Project; August 26, 2011. Available at: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/reports\/2011\/social-networking-sites.aspx\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/reports\/2011\/social-networking-sites.aspx<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2011 Dec 2."},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV among Gay and Bisexual Men [online surveillance fact sheet]. May 2012. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/topics\/msm\/pdf\/msm.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/topics\/msm\/pdf\/msm.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2012 Sep 20."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-189","article-title":"Number of casual male sexual partners and associated factors among men who have sex with men: results from the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system","volume":"11","author":"ES Rosenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60899-X","article-title":"Comparisons of disparities and risks of HIV infection in black and other men who have sex with men in Canada, UK, and USA: a meta-analysis","volume":"380","author":"GA Millett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim JR, Sullivan PS, Salazar L, Spaulding AC, Dinenno EA (2011) History of Arrest and Associated Factors among Men Who Have Sex with Men. J Urban Health.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-011-9566-5"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Valleroy L, MacKellar D, Secura G, Behel S (2012) High HIV prevalence and incidence among young African American men who have sex with men in 6 US cities: what factors are contributing? In: Program and Abstracts of the XIV International AIDS Conference. Barcelona, Spain July 7\u201312; 2002."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283471efa","article-title":"Understanding disparities in HIV infection between black and white MSM in the United States","volume":"25","author":"AM Oster","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services Division of STD Prevention (2012) Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2011. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, 2012. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/stats11\/Surv2011.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/stats11\/Surv2011.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Jul 7."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-3-201108020-00004","article-title":"Primary and Secondary Syphilis Among Black and Hispanic Men Who Have Sex With Men: Case Report Data From 27 States","volume":"155","author":"JR Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1201","article-title":"Prevalence and awareness of HIV infection among men who have sex with men \u2013 21 cities, United States, 2008","volume":"59","year":"2010","journal-title":"Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) Estimated HIV incidence in the United States, 2007\u20132010. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report 2012;17(No. 4). Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/topics\/surveillance\/resources\/reports\/#supplemental\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/topics\/surveillance\/resources\/reports\/#supplemental<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Dec 15."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53284","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053284","article-title":"Measuring population transmission risk for HIV: an alternative metric of exposure risk in men who have sex with men (MSM) in the US","volume":"7","author":"CF Kelley","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832baa34","article-title":"Estimating the proportion of HIV transmissions from main sex partners among men who have sex with men in five US cities","volume":"23","author":"PS Sullivan","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50522","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050522","article-title":"What Drives the US and Peruvian HIV Epidemics in Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM)?","volume":"7","author":"SM Goodreau","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318257d0ac","article-title":"Discussion of HIV Status by Serostatus and Partnership Sexual Risk Among Internet-Using MSM in the United States","volume":"60","author":"AK Winter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31825ec09b","article-title":"High prevalence of sexual concurrency and concurrent unprotected anal intercourse across racial\/ethnic groups among a national, web-based study of men who have sex with men in the United States","volume":"39","author":"ES Rosenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenberg ES, Rothenberg RB, Kleinbaum DG, Stephenson RB, Sullivan PS (2013) The implications of respondent concurrency on sex partner risk in a national, web-based study of men who have with men in the United States. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. E-Pub ahead of print: 10.1097\/QAI.1090b1013e318294bcce.","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318294bcce"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7163.917","article-title":"Income distribution, socioeconomic status, and self rated health in the United States: multilevel analysis","volume":"317","author":"BP Kennedy","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9574-6","article-title":"Racial Mixing and HIV Risk Among Men Who Have Sex with Men","volume":"13","author":"HF Raymond","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(79)90012-2","article-title":"Bias in analytic research","volume":"32","author":"DL Sackett","year":"1979","journal-title":"J ChronicDis"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60821-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men","volume":"380","author":"C Beyrer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0090514","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T03:55:30Z","timestamp":1565236530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0090514"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jason F.","family":"Okulicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0090514","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,7]]}}}