{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T18:17:38Z","timestamp":1759515458857},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]],"date-time":"2014-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395187200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]],"date-time":"2014-03-19T22:52:34Z","timestamp":1395269554000},"page":"e92025","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Uncovering the Neural Mechanisms Underlying Learning from Tests"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Xiaonan L.","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peipeng","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuncheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynne M.","family":"Reder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152408","article-title":"The critical importance of retrieval for learning","volume":"319","author":"JD Karpicke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202713","article-title":"The influence of retrieval on retention","volume":"20","author":"M Carrier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mem Cognit"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"743","article-title":"Recitation as a factor in memorizing","volume":"6","author":"AI Gates","year":"1917","journal-title":"School and Society"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194052","article-title":"Generalizing test-enhanced learning from the laboratory to the classroom","volume":"14","author":"MA McDaniel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194050","article-title":"Enhancing learning and retarding forgetting: Choices and consequences","volume":"14","author":"H Pashler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6916.2006.00012.x","article-title":"The power of testing memory basic research and implications for educational practice","volume":"1","author":"HL Roediger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Perspect Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","article-title":"Test-enhanced learning - Taking memory tests improves long-term retention","volume":"17","author":"HL Roediger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1037\/h0063404","article-title":"Studies in retention","volume":"30","author":"HF Spitzer","year":"1939","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.08.061","article-title":"Rewiring the brain with repeated retrieval: A parametric fMRI study of the testing effect","volume":"505","author":"J Eriksson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2011.03.008","article-title":"Neural enhancement and attenuation induced by repetitive recall","volume":"96","author":"T Hashimoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keresztes A, Kaiser D, Kovacs G, Racsmany M (2013) Testing promotes long-term learning via stabilizing activation patterns in a large network of brain areas. Cereb Cortex (in press).","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht158"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5380.1188","article-title":"Building memories: Remembering and forgetting of verbal experiences as predicted by brain activity","volume":"281","author":"AD Wagner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2353-05.2006","article-title":"Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex promotes long-term memory formation through its role in working memory organization","volume":"26","author":"RS Blumenfeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858407299290","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex and long-term memory encoding: An integrative review of findings from neuropsychology and neuroimaging","volume":"13","author":"RS Blumenfeld","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.7.1239","article-title":"The functional roles of prefrontal cortex in episodic memory - I. Encoding","volume":"121","author":"PC Fletcher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.045","article-title":"Neural activity that predicts subsequent memory and forgetting: A meta-analysis of 74 fMRI studies","volume":"54","author":"H Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2004.08.002","article-title":"Contributions of occipital, parietal and parahippocampal cortex to encoding of object-location associations","volume":"43","author":"T Sommer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2008.10.011","article-title":"Posterior parietal cortex and episodic encoding: Insights from fMRI subsequent memory effects and dual-attention theory","volume":"91","author":"MR Uncapher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200102120-00035","article-title":"Hippocampal, parahippocampal and occipital-temporal contributions to associative and item recognition memory: an fMRI study","volume":"12","author":"AP Yonelinas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290151137430","article-title":"Encoding processes during retrieval tasks","volume":"13","author":"RL Buckner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6748","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-17-06748.2003","article-title":"Making memories without trying: Medial temporal lobe activity associated with incidental memory formation during recognition","volume":"23","author":"CEL Stark","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015729","article-title":"Unsuccessful retrieval attempts enhance subsequent learning","volume":"35","author":"N Kornell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018","article-title":"Unified segmentation","volume":"26","author":"J Ashburner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00169-1","article-title":"An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets","volume":"19","author":"JA Maldjian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1997.0659","article-title":"Neural substrates of fluid reasoning: an fMRI study of neocortical activation during performance of the Raven&apos;s Progressive Matrices Test","volume":"33","author":"V Prabhakaran","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Friston KJ, Ashburner JT, Kiebel SJ, Nichols TE, Penny WD (Eds.) (2011) Statistical Parametric Mapping: The Analysis of Functional Brain Images. Academic Press."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199811160-00026","article-title":"Material-specific lateralization of prefrontal activation during episodic encoding and retrieval","volume":"9","author":"AD Wagner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01233-9","article-title":"The role of prefrontal cortex during tests of episodic memory","volume":"2","author":"SF Nolde","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.7.1249","article-title":"The functional roles of prefrontal cortex in episodic memory - II. Retrieval","volume":"121","author":"PC Fletcher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199701200-00033","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex fMRI signal changes are correlated with working memory load","volume":"8","author":"DS Manoach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.12.037","article-title":"The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in retrieval from long-term Memory depends on strategies: a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation study","volume":"166","author":"R Manenti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00110-4","article-title":"Hemispheric asymmetries of memory: the HERA model revisited","volume":"7","author":"R Habib","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.6.2016","article-title":"Hemispheric encoding\/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory - positron emission tomography findings","volume":"91","author":"E Tulving","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Anderson JR, Reder LM (1979) An elaborative processing explanation of depth of processing. In: Cermak LS, Craik FIM, editors. Levels of processing in human memory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. pp. 385\u2013403."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.07.004","article-title":"On Broca, brain, and binding: a new framework","volume":"9","author":"P Hagoort","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21208","article-title":"Neural basis of single-word reading in Spanish-English bilinguals","volume":"33","author":"NI Jamal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5826.2005.00117.x","article-title":"Examining reading development and reading disability in English language learners: Potential contributions from functional neuroimaging","volume":"20","author":"KR Pugh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Learn Disabil Res Pract"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22053","article-title":"Repetition related changes in activation and functional connectivity in hippocampus predict subsequent memory","volume":"23","author":"A Manelis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193125","article-title":"Greater neural pattern similarity across repetitions is associated with better memory","volume":"330","author":"G Xue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.03.071","article-title":"Neural correlates of testing effects in vocabulary learning","volume":"78","author":"GSE van den Broek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wing EA, Marsh EJ, Cabeza R (2013) Neural correlates of retrieval-based memory enhancement: An fMRI study of the testing effect. Neuropsychologia.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.04.004"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03194092","article-title":"Testing beyond words: Using tests to enhance visuospatial map learning","volume":"14","author":"SK Carpenter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1027\/1618-3169.56.4.252","article-title":"The testing effect and the retention interval questions and answers","volume":"56","author":"TC Toppino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Psychol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210244000414","article-title":"Different rates of forgetting following study versus test trials","volume":"11","author":"M Wheeler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023219","article-title":"When does testing enhance retention? A distribution-based interpretation of retrieval as a memory modifier","volume":"37","author":"V Halamish","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611435132","article-title":"A short-term testing effect in cross-language recognition","volume":"23","author":"PPJL Verkoeijen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00382.2005","article-title":"Different neural correlates of reward expectation and reward expectation error in the putamen and caudate nucleus during stimulus-action-reward association learning","volume":"95","author":"M Haruno","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142937","article-title":"Learning and memory functions of the basal ganglia","volume":"25","author":"MG Packard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0092025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T13:29:24Z","timestamp":1565270964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0092025"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hengyi","family":"Rao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0092025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]]}}}