{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T07:14:35Z","timestamp":1774077275000,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]],"date-time":"2014-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395100800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]],"date-time":"2014-03-18T20:55:43Z","timestamp":1395176143000},"page":"e92077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["High Mortality in Adults Hospitalized for Active Tuberculosis in a Low HIV Prevalence Setting"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Grace","family":"Lui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rity Y. K.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"May K. P.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond W. M.","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy C. M.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph K. M.","family":"Kam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62173-3","article-title":"Tuberculosis","volume":"378","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012) WHO report. Global tuberculosis control. Geneva: World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33129","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033129","article-title":"Outcomes of TB Treatment by HIV Status in National Recording Systems in Brazil, 2003\u20132008","volume":"7(3)","author":"M Sanchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.12.0135","article-title":"Risk factors for excess mortality and death in adults with tuberculosis in Western Kenya","volume":"16(12)","author":"AH Van't Hoog","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Dec"},{"key":"ref5","volume":"25(4)","unstructured":"Zhang H, Huang F, Chen W, Du X, Zhou MG, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2012) Estimates of tuberculosis mortality rates in China using the disease surveillance point system, 2004\u20132010. Biomed Environ Sci Aug; <volume>25(4)<\/volume>: : 483\u20138."},{"key":"ref6","volume":"106(5)","unstructured":"Yen YF, Yen MY, Shih HC, Deng CY (2012) Risk factors for unfavorable outcome of pulmonary tuberculosis in adults in Taipei, Taiwan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg May; <volume>106(5)<\/volume>: : 303\u20138."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.10.0352","article-title":"A systematic review of risk factors for death in adults during and after tuberculosis treatment","volume":"15(7)","author":"CJ Waitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Jul"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"705","article-title":"Factors associated with an increased case-fatality rate in HIV-infected and non-infected South African gold miners with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"J Churchyard G","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref9","volume":"37(6)","unstructured":"Perrechi MC, Ribeiro SA (2011) Outcomes of tuberculosis treatment among inpatients and outpatients in the city of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. J Bras Pneumol Dec; <volume>37(6)<\/volume>: : 783\u201390."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.4.1079","article-title":"Hospitalizations for tuberculosis in the United States in 2000: predictors of in-hospital mortality","volume":"126","author":"NN Hansel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.7.2107040","article-title":"Delay in diagnosis among hospitalized patients with active tuberculosis\u2014predictors and outcomes","volume":"165","author":"C Greenaway","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Tuberculosis and Chest Service of the Department of Health (2009) Annual Report 2009. Hong Kong: Department of Health."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Surveillance Team, Special Preventive Programme, Centre for Health Protection (2011) HIV Surveillance Report \u2013 2010 Update. Hong Kong: Department of Health."},{"key":"ref14","volume":"62(6)","unstructured":"Lui G, Lee N, Cheung SW, Lam JS, Wong BC, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2011) Interferon gamma release assay for differentiating tuberculosis among pneumonia cases in acute healthcare setting. J Infect Jun; <volume>62(6)<\/volume>: : 440\u20137."},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"79","article-title":"The impact of nutritional deficit on mortality of in-patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"14","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref16","volume":"6(9)","unstructured":"Feng JY, Su WJ, Chiu YC, Huang SF, Lin YY, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2011) Initial presentations predict mortality in pulmonary tuberculosis patients\u2014a prospective observational study. PLoS One <volume>6(9)<\/volume>: : e23715."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.114.5.1244","article-title":"The impact of comorbidity on mortality following in-hospital diagnosis of tuberculosis","volume":"114","author":"VK Rao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.10.0259","article-title":"Patients diagnosed with tuberculosis at death or who died during therapy: association with the human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"15(4)","author":"SM Marks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Apr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000849","article-title":"Delayed treatment contributes to mortality in ICU patients with severe active pulmonary tuberculosis and acute respiratory failure","volume":"27","author":"JR Zahar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"253","article-title":"A five-year review of tuberculosis mortality amongst hospitalised patients in Ile-Ife","volume":"48","author":"GE Erhabor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"72","article-title":"Reduced health provider delay and tuberculosis mortality due to an improved hospital programme","volume":"14","author":"YC Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1086\/591974","article-title":"Tuberculosis transmission by patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in a large cohort in the Netherlands","volume":"47(9)","author":"A Tostmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Nov 1"},{"key":"ref23","volume":"41(2)","unstructured":"Harris TG, Sullivan Meissner J, Proops D (2013) Delay in diagnosis leading to nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis at a New York City health care facility. Am J Infect Control Feb;<volume>41(2)<\/volume>: : 155\u201360."},{"key":"ref24","volume":"130(5)","unstructured":"Rao VK, Iademarco EP, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH (1999) Delays in the suspicion and treatment of tuberculosis among hospitalized patients. Ann Intern Med Mar 2; <volume>130(5)<\/volume> : 404\u201311."},{"key":"ref25","volume":"109(4)","unstructured":"Lin CY, Lin WR, Chen TC, Lu PL, Huang PM, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2010) Why is in-hospital diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis delayed in southern Taiwan? J Formos Med Assoc <volume>109(4)<\/volume>: : 269\u201377."},{"key":"ref26","volume":"6","unstructured":"Farah MG, Rygh JH, Steen TW, Selmer R, Heldal E, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2006) Patient and health care system delays in the start of tuberculosis treatment in Norway. BMC Infect Dis <volume>6<\/volume>: : 33."},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"138","article-title":"Is there delay in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in an intermediate-to-low TB incidence setting","volume":"60(3)","author":"M Malbasa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pneumologia Jul-Sep"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.054908","article-title":"Current evidence on diagnostic accuracy of commercially based nucleic acid amplification tests for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"61","author":"S Greco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref29","volume":"13(4)","unstructured":"Lawn SD, Mwaba P, Bates M, Piatek A, Alexander H, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2013) Advances in tuberculosis diagnostics: the Xpert MTB\/RIF assay and future prospects for a point-of-care test. Lancet Infect Dis Apr; <volume>13(4)<\/volume>: : 349\u201361."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-46","article-title":"In-hospital outcome of patients with culture-confirmed tuberculous pleurisy: clinical impact of pulmonary involvement","volume":"11","author":"CC Shu","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis Feb 21"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.10.0353","article-title":"Enhanced tuberculosis identification through 1-month follow-up of smear-negative tuberculosis suspects","volume":"15(4)","author":"A Porskrog","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Apr"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1994.00420030112011","article-title":"Delayed diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in city hospitals","volume":"154(3)","author":"P Mathur","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med Feb 14"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.11.014","article-title":"Does empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia with fluoroquinolones delay tuberculosis treatment and result in fluoroquinolone resistance in <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/italic>? Controversies and solutions","volume":"39","author":"GH Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.11.008","article-title":"Fluoroquinolones are associated with delayed treatment and resistance in tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15(3)","author":"TC Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis Mar"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"77","article-title":"Use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics leads to tuberculosis treatment delay in a South African gold mining community","volume":"15(1)","author":"CY Jeon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Jan"},{"key":"ref36","volume":"6(9)","unstructured":"van der Heijden YF, Maruri F, Blackman A, Holt E, Warkentin JV, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2012) Fluoroquinolone exposure prior to tuberculosis diagnosis is associated with an increased risk of death. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Sep; <volume>6(9)<\/volume>: : 1162\u20137."},{"key":"ref37","volume":"8","unstructured":"Storla DG, Yimer S, Bjune GA (2008) A systematic review of delay in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. BMC Public Health Jan 14; <volume>8<\/volume>: : 15."}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0092077","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T17:42:32Z","timestamp":1540230152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0092077"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Wenzhe","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0092077","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]]}}}