{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:12:19Z","timestamp":1789985539463,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]],"date-time":"2014-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395619200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,25]],"date-time":"2014-03-25T03:47:41Z","timestamp":1395719261000},"page":"e92573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Off-Label Use of Sodium Valproate for Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Einav","family":"Horowitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa Carroll","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charna","family":"Ashkenazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irit","family":"Moscona-Hurvitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haya","family":"Grinvald-Fogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Racheli","family":"Magnezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003150","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenic patients: preponderance of off-label drug use","volume":"3","author":"D Pickar","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.9.1021","article-title":"Off-label prescribing among office-based physicians","volume":"166","author":"DC Radley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1192\/pb.22.11.680","article-title":"Prescriptions, licenses and evidence","volume":"22","author":"D Healy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychiatr Bull"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.04.017","article-title":"Ten common questions (and their answers) about off-label drug use","volume":"87","author":"CM Wittich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.9.1175","article-title":"Off-Label use of antipsychotic medications in the department of veterans affairs health care system","volume":"60","author":"DL Leslie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1825","article-title":"U.S. physician knowledge of the FDA-approved indications and evidence base for commonly prescribed drugs: results of a national survey","volume":"18","author":"DT Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safety"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01271-9","article-title":"Management of treatment resistance in schizophrenia","volume":"50","author":"RR Conley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"23","article-title":"What role for mood stabilizers","volume":"3","author":"L Citrome","year":"2004","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarz C, Volz A, Li C, Leucht S (2008) Valproate for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews DOI:<ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004028.pub3\" xlink:type=\"simple\">10.1002\/14651858.CD004028.pub3<\/ext-link>.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004028.pub3"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.51.5.634","article-title":"Changes in use of Valproate and other mood stabilizers for patients with schizophrenia from 1994 to 1998","volume":"51","author":"L Citrome","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.53.10.1212","article-title":"Use of mood stabilizers among patients with schizophrenia, 1994\u20132001","volume":"53","author":"L Citrome","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-006-9030-y","article-title":"Changes in the treatment of acute psychosis in a German public hospital from 1998 to 2004","volume":"78","author":"T Wessels","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2006.04.015","article-title":"Psychotropic drug prescription in a psychiatric university hospital in Germany","volume":"30 (6)","author":"E Davids","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711000563","article-title":"Adjunctive mood stabilizer treatment for hospitalized schizophrenia patients: Asia psychotropic prescription study (2001\u20132008)","volume":"14","author":"K Sim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.9.1.55","article-title":"Adjunctive lithium and anticonvulsants for the treatment of schizophrenia: what is the evidence","volume":"9","author":"L Citrome","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Valproate. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/ema\/index.jsp?curl=pages\/medicines\/human\/referrals\/Valproate\/human_referral_000187.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac0580024e9a&murl=menus\/regulations\/regulations.jsp&jsenabled=true\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/ema\/index.jsp?curl=pages\/medicines\/human\/referrals\/Valproate\/human_referral_000187.jsp&amp;mid=WC0b01ac0580024e9a&amp;murl=menus\/regulations\/regulations.jsp&amp;jsenabled=true<\/ext-link>. Accessed May 23, 2013."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105053307","article-title":"A survey of the off-label use of mood stabilizers in a large psychiatric hospital","volume":"19","author":"C Haw","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(01)00559-4","article-title":"Bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia: epidemiologic, clinical and prognostic differences","volume":"16","author":"A Benabarre","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.03.001","article-title":"What we know and what we don&apos;t know about the treatment of schizoaffective disorder","volume":"21","author":"A Murru","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.8.1138","article-title":"Treatment of schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia with mood symptoms","volume":"156","author":"DF Levinson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.2.210","article-title":"Treatment patterns for schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia among Medicaid patients","volume":"60","author":"M Olfson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.55.3.290","article-title":"Adjunctive divalproex and hostility among patients with schizophrenia receiving olanzapine or risperidone","volume":"55","author":"L Citrome","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2008.209","article-title":"Divalproex ER combined with olanzapine or risperidone for treatment of acute exacerbations of schizophrenia","volume":"34","author":"DE Casey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.10m05997","article-title":"A 12-month randomized, open-label study of the metabolic effects of olanzapine and risperidone in psychotic patients: influence of valproic acid augmentation","volume":"72","author":"HY Meltzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1073","article-title":"Augmentation of atypical antipsychotics with valproic acid. An open-label study for most difficult patients with schizophrenia","volume":"24","author":"T Suzuki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-006-7963-9","article-title":"Adjunct divalproex or lithium to clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia","volume":"77","author":"DL Kelly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200006000-00011","article-title":"Randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of divalproex sodium in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic schizophrenia","volume":"20","author":"AA Wassef","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7210-1_33","article-title":"Re-analysis of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia gene expression complements the Kraepelinian dichotomy","volume":"736","author":"K Qian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"CD003945","article-title":"Valproate preparations for agitation in dementia","volume":"(3)","author":"E Lonergan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2012.03.018","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of antipsychotic polypharmacy from the 1970s to 2009: a systematic review and metaregression","volume":"138","author":"JA Gallego","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbp116","article-title":"Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychopharmacological treatment recommendations and summary statements","volume":"36","author":"RW Buchanan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2003) Schizophrenia: full national guideline on core interventions in primary and secondary care. Leicester (UK) and London: The British Psychological Society and The Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2003."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n1115","article-title":"The Texas Medication Algorithm Project antipsychotic algorithm for schizophrenia: 2006 update","volume":"68","author":"TA Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1614.2005.01516.x","article-title":"Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders","volume":"39","author":"PD McGorry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1080\/15622970510030090","article-title":"World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP)\u2013guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: acute treatment of schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"P Falkai","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Lehman AF, Lieberman JA, Dixon LB, McGlashan TH, Miller AL, et al. (2004) Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition. Am J Psychiatry (Suppl 2): 1\u201356."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-157-7-201210020-00525","article-title":"Antipsychotics in adults with schizophrenia: comparative effectiveness of first-generation versus second-generation medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"157","author":"L Hartling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Abou-Setta AM, Mousavi SS, Spooner C, Schouten JR, Pasichnyk D, et al. (2012) First-Generation Versus Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Adults: Comparative Effectiveness [Internet]. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Report No. 12-EHC054-EF. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1185\/030079907X187883","article-title":"The effect of adjunctive mood stabilizers on antipsychotic utilization pattern and health resource utilization for Medicaid enrollees with schizophrenia","volume":"23","author":"H Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0092573","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T13:14:45Z","timestamp":1689081285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0092573"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"James D.","family":"Clelland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0092573","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]]}}}