{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:14:59Z","timestamp":1784830499561,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,26]],"date-time":"2014-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395792000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,26]],"date-time":"2014-03-26T20:37:09Z","timestamp":1395866229000},"page":"e92595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Reproductive Tract Tumours: The Scourge of Woman Reproduction Ails Indian Rhinoceroses"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Hermes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"G\u00f6ritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Saragusty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica A.","family":"Stoops","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Hildebrandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"IUCN (2013) African rhinos won&apos;t hold out for much longer, IUCN experts warn. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/6IrjBYZBh\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/6IrjBYZBh<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Aug 14."},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"WWF (2010) Javan rhino found dead in Vietnam. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/6IrjW0nCz\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/6IrjW0nCz<\/ext-link>. Accessed 2013 Aug 14."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Foose TJ, van Strien NJ (1997) Asian rhinos: Status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. i-v, 1\u2013112 p."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinerstein E (2003) The Return of the Unicorns: The Natural History and Conservation of the Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros. New York: Columbia University Press. 384 p.","DOI":"10.7312\/dine08450"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"von Houwald F, Pagan O (2012) Greater One-Horned or Indian Rhinoceros <italic>Rhinoceros unicornis<\/italic> Linn\u00e9 1758, International Studbook 2011. Basel, Switzerland: Basel Zoo. 63 p."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68493","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068493","article-title":"One small step for rhinos, one giant leap for wildlife management- imaging diagnosis of bone pathology in distal limb","volume":"8","author":"G Galateanu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"von Houwald FF (2001) Foot problems in Indian Rhinoceroses (<italic>Rhinoceros unicornis<\/italic>) in zoological gardens: Macroscopic and microscopic anatomy, pathology, and evaluation of the causes [Doctorate]. Zurich: Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich. 104 p."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Guldenschuh G, von Houwald F (2002) Husbandry manual for the greater one-horned or Indian <italic>rhinoceros unicornis<\/italic> Linne, 1758. Basel, Switzerland: Basel Zoo. 94 p."},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Steck B (2010) Indian Rhino EEP; The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria Annual Conference, 22-25 September 2010; Verona, Italy. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.eaza.net\/News\/verona2010\/Pages\/Proceedings.aspx\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.eaza.net\/News\/verona2010\/Pages\/Proceedings.aspx<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Hlavacek G, Zschokke S, Guldenschuh G (2002) International Studbook for the greater one-horned or Indian rhinoceros, <italic>Rhinoceros unicornis<\/italic>. Basel, Switzerland: Basel Zoo. 38 p."},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"261","article-title":"Past and future breeding of the Indian rhinoceros in captivity","volume":"45","author":"S Zschokke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Zoo News"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00328","article-title":"Follicular, endocrine and behavioural dynamics of the Indian rhinoceros (<italic>Rhinoceros unicornis<\/italic>) oestrous cycle","volume":"128","author":"MA Stoops","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2000)031[0201:SLGUBI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Standing laparoscopic-guided uterine biopsy in a Southern white rhinoceros (<italic>Ceratotherium simum simum<\/italic>)","volume":"31","author":"RM Radcliffe","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.06.014","article-title":"Ovarian superstimulation, transrectal ultrasound-guided oocyte recovery, and IVF in rhinoceros","volume":"72","author":"R Hermes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Klein LV, Cook RA, Calle PP, Raphael BL, Thomas P, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (1997) Etorphine-Isophlorine-O<sub>2<\/sub> anesthesia for ovariohysterectomy in an Indian rhinoceros (<italic>Rhinoceros unicornis<\/italic>); Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 26-30 October 1997; Houston, TX. pp. 127\u2013130."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.99","article-title":"High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: Ultrasound evidence","volume":"188","author":"D Day Baird","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Management of uterine fibroids: An update of the evidence","volume":"154","author":"M Viswanathan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evid Rep Technol Assess"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-12-6","article-title":"Prevalence, symptoms and management of uterine fibroids: an international internet-based survey of 21,746 women","volume":"12","author":"A Zimmermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Women's Health"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-198812000-00008","article-title":"Epidemiologic characteristics of women with uterine fibroids: A case-control study","volume":"72","author":"F Parazzini","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199607000-00018","article-title":"Reproductive factors and risk of uterine fibroids","volume":"7","author":"F Parazzini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"King NW (1973) Comparative pathology of the uterus. In: Norris H, Hertig AT, Abell MR, editors. The Uterus. Baltimore, MD: The Williams and Wilkons Company. pp. 548."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870001200414","article-title":"Fibroleiomyomas of the tubular genitalia in female beluga whales","volume":"12","author":"I Mikaelian","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.06.016","article-title":"Artificial insemination in black-handed spider monkey (<italic>Ateles geoffroyi<\/italic>)","volume":"67","author":"L Hern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Dejuste de Paula C, Neri Godoy S, Am\u00e9rico de Almida M, Kanamura C, Freitas Mota EF, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2002) Leiomyoma in a captive puma (<italic>Puma concolor<\/italic>) in Brazil; Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 5-10 October 2002; Milwaukee, WI. pp. 435\u2013436 (abstract)."},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Aballi Neninger OL (2002) Hysterosalpingographic and laparoscopic findings in an adult female chimpanzee (<italic>Pan troglodytes troglodytes<\/italic>); Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 5-10 October 2002; Milwaukee, WI. pp. 428\u2013430 (abstract)."},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"96","article-title":"Anemia associated with lead intoxiction and uterine leiomyoma in a chimpanzee (<italic>Pan troglodytes<\/italic>)","volume":"27","author":"LA Young","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Burek KA, Mulcahy DM, Doroff AM, Comerci LR, Johnson TO (2000) Three sarcomas in freee-ranging Alaskan sea otters (<italic>Enhydra lutris<\/italic>); Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 17-21 September 2000; New Orleans, LA. pp. 468 (abstract)."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Burns R (2006) Hemodialysis of a Western lowland gorilla (<italic>Gorilla gorilla gorilla<\/italic>) with fatal septicemia and pyelonephritis secondary to urine stasis and uterine leiomyosarcoma; Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 19-24 September 2006; Tampa, FL. pp. 154\u2013155 (abstract)."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Ford EW (1986) Obstetrical problems of nonhuman primates; Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 2-6 November 1986; Chicago, IL. pp. 155\u2013172."},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Gamble KC, North MCK, Backues K, Ross SR (2004) Pathologic review of the chimpanzee (<italic>Pan troglodytes<\/italic>): 1990-2003; Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 28 August - 3 Aeptember 2004; San Diego, CA. pp. 561\u2013566 (abstract)."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.09.002","article-title":"The effect of long non-reproductive periods on the genital health in captive female white rhinoceroses (<italic>Ceratotherium simum simum<\/italic>, C.s. cottoni)","volume":"65","author":"R Hermes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Mylniczenko ND, Murrey SS, Smith S, Sewall LW, Facchini F (2008) Management of a uterine leiomyoma in a Western lowland gorilla (<italic>Gorilla gorilla gorilla<\/italic>); Joint conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians and the Association of Reptile and Amphibian Veterinarians, 10\u201317 October, 2008; Los Angeles, California, USA. pp. 149 (Abstract)."},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Owston MA, Ramsay EC, Rotstein D (2005) Incidence of neoplasia in a colony of captive felids at the Knoxville Zoological Park, 1979 to 2003; Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 14\u201321 October 2005; Omaha, NE. pp. 100 (abstract)."},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Pashov BN, Matamoros YH (1990) Veterinary observations about pacas (<italic>Agouti paca<\/italic>); Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 21-26 October 1990; South Padre Island, TX. pp. 53\u201354 (abstract)."},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Robert J (1986) Reproductive disorders in the male and female nonhuman primate: A brief overview; Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 2-6 November 1986; Chicago, IL. pp. 173\u2013180."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1638\/2006-0045.1","article-title":"Chronic endometritis in an Asian elephant (<italic>Elephas maximus<\/italic>)","volume":"39","author":"H Aupperle","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Montali RJ, Hildebrandt T, G\u00f6ritz F, Hermes R, Ippen R, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (1997) Ultrasonography and pathology of genital tract leiomyomas in captive asian elephants: implications for reproductive soundness. Series Ultrasonography and pathology of genital tract leiomyomas in captive asian elephants: implications for reproductive soundness; Internationalen Symposiums \u00fcber die Erkrankungen der Zootiere 38; Zurich, Switzerland. Akademie Verlag. pp. 253\u2013258."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2007.00949.x","article-title":"Fibroleiomyoma in elephant uterus","volume":"54","author":"E Sapundzhiev","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Med A"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2361(2000)19:5<321::AID-ZOO4>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in elephants (<italic>Loxodonta africana<\/italic> and <italic>Elephas maximus<\/italic>): an important tool for assessing female reproductive function","volume":"19","author":"TB Hildebrandt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Zoo Biol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1071\/RD09305","article-title":"Ultrasonographically documented early pregnancy loss in an Asian elephant (<italic>Elephas maximus<\/italic>)","volume":"22","author":"I Lueders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil Dev"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.05.015","article-title":"Reproductive problems directly attributable to long-term captivity-asymmetric reproductive aging","volume":"82\u201383","author":"R Hermes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Schaffer NE, Agil M, Bosi E (2001) Utero - ovarian pathological complex of the Sumatran rhinoceros (<italic>Dicerorhinus sumatrensis<\/italic>). In: Schwammer HM, Foose TJ, Fouraker M, Olson D, editors; The International Elephant and Rhino Research Symposium, 7\u201311 June 2001; Vienna, Austria. Sch\u00fclling Verlag. pp. 322."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montali RJ, Mann PC, Jones OM, Griner LA, Kuen GR, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (1982) Leiomyomas in the genital tract of large zoo mammals. Series Leiomyomas in the genital tract of large zoo mammals; Internationalen Symposiums \u00fcber die Erkrankungen der Zootiere 24, 19\u201323 May, 1982; Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary. Akademie Verlag. pp. 117\u2013122.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783112652329-021"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermes R, Hildebrandt TB (2012) Rhinoceros theriogenology. In: Fowler ME, Miller RE, editors. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Current Therapy. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders. pp. 546\u2013561.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-1986-4.00071-8"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"337","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the reproductive anatomy in the Sumatran rhinoceros (<italic>Dicerorhinus sumatrensis<\/italic>)","volume":"25","author":"NE Schaffer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"G\u00f6ltenboth R (1995) Nash\u00f6ner. In: G\u00f6ltenboth R, Kl\u00f6s HG, editors. Krankheiten der Zoo- und Wildtiere. Berlin: Blackwell Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 209\u2013233 (German)."},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Radcliffe RW, Morkel PV (2008) Rhinoceroses. In: West G, Heard D, Caulkett N, editors. Zoo Animal and Wildlife: Immobilization and Anesthesia. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 543\u2013566."},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"124","article-title":"De &apos;Zoological society of San Diego&apos;","volume":"42","author":"ML Jones","year":"1977","journal-title":"Zoo Anvers"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.1998.tb00017.x","article-title":"Reproduction and population density: trade-offs for the conservation of rhinos <italic>in situ<\/italic>","volume":"1","author":"JL Rachlow","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anim Conserv"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.03.005","article-title":"Artificial insemination in the anoestrous and the postpartum white rhinoceros using GnRH analogue to induce ovulation","volume":"67","author":"TB Hildebrandt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref51","unstructured":"Hendrickson MR, Tavassoli FA, Kempson RL, McCluggage WG, Haller U, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2003) Mesenchymal tumours and related lesions. In: Tavassoli FA, P D, editors. WHO Classification of Tumours Pathology and Genetics: Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs. 1st ed.Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer Press. pp. 233\u2013244."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1638\/2009-0128.1","article-title":"A case of metastatic uterine adenocarcinoma in a Southern white rhinoceros (<italic>Ceratotherium simum simum<\/italic>)","volume":"41","author":"M Wilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0528.2002.01449.x","article-title":"Uterine artery embolisation for symptomatic fibroids: Clinical results in 400 women with imaging follow up","volume":"109","author":"WJ Walker","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/94.4.435","article-title":"The frequency of uterine leiomyomas","volume":"94","author":"SF Cramer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719111432867","article-title":"Medical treatment of uterine leiomyoma","volume":"19","author":"M Sabry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"225","article-title":"The impact of uterine leiomyomas on reproductive outcome","volume":"62","author":"H Cook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Minerva Ginecol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gco.0000233934.13684.cb","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes following treatment for fibroids: Uterine fibroid embolization versus laparoscopic myomectomy","volume":"18","author":"J Goldberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.04.002","article-title":"Incidence, aetiology and epidemiology of uterine fibroids","volume":"22","author":"S Okolo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ogx.0000154688.02423.68","article-title":"Fibroids in pregnancy-Common but poorly understood","volume":"60","author":"NP Cooper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"ref60","unstructured":"Steck B (2012) Indian Rhino EEP; The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria Annual Conference, 26-29 September 2012; Innsbruck, Austria. On line only, Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.eaza.net\/NEWS\/INNSBRUCK2012\/Pages\/Proceedings.aspx\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.eaza.net\/NEWS\/INNSBRUCK2012\/Pages\/Proceedings.aspx<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"289","article-title":"Fibroids in infertility \u2013 Consensus statement from ACCEPT (Australasian CREI Consensus Expert Panel on Trial vidence)","volume":"51","author":"B Kroon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0092595","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T14:52:07Z","timestamp":1689087127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0092595"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Ambrosio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,26]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0092595","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,26]]}}}