{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:15:11Z","timestamp":1790234111562,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,2]],"date-time":"2014-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398988800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,2]],"date-time":"2014-05-02T16:37:34Z","timestamp":1399048654000},"page":"e96433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Tobacco Smoking, Alcohol Drinking, Diabetes, Low Body Mass Index and the Risk of Self-Reported Symptoms of Active Tuberculosis: Individual Participant Data (IPD) Meta-Analyses of 72,684 Individuals in 14 High Tuberculosis Burden Countries"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jayadeep","family":"Patra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabhat","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Rehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Suraweera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"WHO (2013) Global tuberculosis control: WHO report 2013. Geneva, WHO Press."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.036012","article-title":"Smoking and tuberculosis: a chance or causal association?","volume":"60","author":"GH Bothamley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.5.3.385","article-title":"Lethal interaction: the colliding epidemics of tobacco and tuberculosis","volume":"5","author":"M Pai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.4.335","article-title":"Risk of Tuberculosis From Exposure to Tobacco Smoke","volume":"167","author":"MN Bates","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"173","article-title":"Tobacco Smoke, Indoor Air Pollution and Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"4","author":"H Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Tobacco and tuberculosis: a qualitative systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"K Slama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-450","article-title":"The association between alcohol use, alcohol use disorders, and tuberculosis (TB). A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"J Rehm","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-289","article-title":"Alcohol use as a risk factor for tuberculosis \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"K L\u00f6nnroth","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e152","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050152","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus Increases the Risk of Active Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review of 13 Observational Studies","volume":"5","author":"CY Jeon","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp308","article-title":"A consistent log-linear relationship between tuberculosis incidence and body mass index","volume":"9","author":"K L\u00f6nnroth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60483-7","article-title":"Tuberculosis control and elimination 2010-50: cure, care, and socail development","volume":"375","author":"K L\u00f6nnroth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Ustun TB, Chatterji S, Mechbal A, Murray C (2003) Health systems performance assessment debates, methods and empiricisms. In: Murray C, Evans DB, eds. The World Health Surveys. Geneva: World Health Organization; 797\u2013808."},{"key":"ref13","volume":"4","unstructured":"Andreotti A, Minicuci N, Kowal P, Chatterji S (2009) Multidimensional Profiles of Health Status: An Application of the Grade of Membership Model to the World Health Survey. Plos One <volume>4<\/volume>.."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2007) A WHO\/The Union monograph on TB and tobacco control: joining efforts to control two related global epidemics. Geneva: WHO."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1485","article-title":"Improved estimates of floating absolute risk","volume":"23","author":"M Plummer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"ICF International (2012) Demographic and Health Surveys 2004-1012. Calverton, Maryland: ICF International."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61085-X","article-title":"Tobacco use in 3 billion individuals from 16 countries: an analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional household surveys","volume":"380","author":"G Giovino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt078","article-title":"Alcohol consumption in 0.5 million people from 10 diverse regions of China: prevalence, patterns and socio-demographic and health-related correlates","volume":"42","author":"I Millwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2009) International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 2010 estimates: 2009. Brussels, IDF."},{"key":"ref20","volume":"10","unstructured":"Razak F, Corsi D, Subramaniam S (2013) Change in the Body Mass Index Distribution for Women: Analysis of Surveys from 37 Low- and Middle-Income Countries. PLoS Med <volume>10<\/volume>.."},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Health Survey, 2003-2005. Geneva, WHO."},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"International Institute for Population Sciences (2007) National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-06. Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, IIPS."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61766-8","article-title":"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990\u20142010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"S Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520270054031","article-title":"Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Morbidity and mortality of a worldwide epidemic","volume":"273","author":"MC Raviglione","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"8","article-title":"Epidemiology of tuberculosis","volume":"125","author":"GW Comstock","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.13e39.x","article-title":"Regulation of mucociliary clearance in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"E Houtmeyers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/nri803","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system","volume":"2","author":"M Sopori","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01339","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation","volume":"421","author":"H Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14529-1","article-title":"Smoking, iron, and tuberculosis","volume":"362","author":"JR Boelaert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.5.2556-2563.2004","article-title":"Alcohol exacerbates murine pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"72","author":"CM Mason","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"30","article-title":"Alcohol and susceptibility to tuberculosis","volume":"21","author":"G Szabo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Health Res World"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(82)90511-3","article-title":"Infection and diabetes: The case for glucose control","volume":"72","author":"EJ Rayfield","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0395-0","article-title":"The role of interferon-gamma in the increased tuberculosis risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"JE Stalenhoef","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Malnutrition Advisory Group (2000) Guidelines for Detection and Management of Malnutrition: 2000. Reddich, Worcs. BAPEN."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws007","article-title":"Nutritional Risk Factors for Tuberculosis Among Adults in the United States, 1971\u20131992","volume":"176","author":"JP Cegielski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"258","article-title":"The pathogenesis of tuberculosis","volume":"50","author":"GA Rook","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1300\/J053v05n01_03","article-title":"Effects of protein calorie malnutrition on mice infected with BCG","volume":"5","author":"J Chan","year":"1997","journal-title":"I Nutr Immunol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39443","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039443","article-title":"Tobacco Use or Body Mass \u2013 Do They Predict Tuberculosis Mortality in Mumbai, India? Results from a Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"7","author":"MS Pednekar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm293","article-title":"Joint effect of tobacco use and body mass on all-cause mortality in Mumbai, India: Results from a population-based cohort study","volume":"167","author":"MS Pednekar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"355","article-title":"Body mass index and incidence of tuberculosis","volume":"69","author":"A Tverdal","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1086\/587846","article-title":"A trial of the effect of micronutrient supplementation on treatment outcome, T cell counts, morbidity, and mortality in adults with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"197","author":"E Villamore","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.2.460","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of nutritional supplementation in patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis and wasting","volume":"80","author":"NI Paton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/0271-5317(95)02012-K","article-title":"Micronutrients and antoixidants in the progression of diabetes","volume":"15","author":"KH Thompson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.7.6.595","article-title":"The role of undernutrition in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus","volume":"7","author":"RH Rao","year":"1984","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.3.483","article-title":"Body fat distribution and risk of type 2 diabetes in the general population: are there differences between men and women? The MONICA\/KORA Augsburg cohort study","volume":"84","author":"C Meisinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62037-5","article-title":"National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9\u00b71 million participants","volume":"377","author":"MM Finucane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60679-X","article-title":"National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2\u00b77 million participants","volume":"378","author":"G Danaei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030018","article-title":"Prospective Study of One Million Deaths in India: Rationale, Design, and Validation Results","volume":"3","author":"P Jha","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref49","volume":"4","unstructured":"Ayles H, Schaap A, Nota A, Sismanidis C, Tembwe R, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2009) Prevalence of tuberculosis, HIV and respiratory symptoms in two Zambian communities: implications for tuberculosis control in the era of HIV. Plos One <volume>4<\/volume>.."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.129.1_suppl.197S","article-title":"Chronic cough due to tuberculosis and other infections: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"129","author":"MJ Rosen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq238","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis in countries with high tuberculosis burdens: individual risks and social determinants","volume":"40","author":"JD Goldhaber-Fiebert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.04.005","article-title":"Agreement between self-report questionnaires and medical record data was substantial for diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke but not for heart failure","volume":"57","author":"Y Okura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp225","article-title":"Smoking, drinking and incident tuberculosis in rural India: population-based case\u2013control study","volume":"38","author":"V Gajalaxmi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Epi"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-292","article-title":"Review of cigarette smoking and tuberculosis in China: intervention is needed for smoking cessation among tuberculosis patients","volume":"9","author":"J Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"556","article-title":"Predictors of relapse among pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated in a DOTS programme in South India","volume":"9","author":"A Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"ref56","volume":"66","unstructured":"Lavigne M, Rocher I, Steensma C, Brassard P (2006) The impact of smoking on adherence to treatment for latent tuberculosis infection. BMC Public Health <volume>66<\/volume>.."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.3.932","article-title":"Treating tobacco use and dependence: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for tobacco cessation","volume":"121","author":"JE Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02632.x","article-title":"Bi-directional screening for tuberculosis and diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"CY Jeon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"1301","article-title":"Screening of patients with tuberculosis for diabetes mellitus in China","volume":"17","author":"L Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12084","article-title":"Screening of patients with tuberculosis for diabetes mellitus in India","volume":"18","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1308383","article-title":"Global effects of smoking, of quitting, and of taxing tobacco","volume":"370","author":"P Jha","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60744-3","article-title":"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of policies and programmes to reduce the harm caused by alcohol","volume":"373","author":"P Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0096433","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T22:34:16Z","timestamp":1565390056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0096433"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Madhukar","family":"Pai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,2]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0096433","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,2]]}}}