{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:23:19Z","timestamp":1791181399303,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]],"date-time":"2014-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400112000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]],"date-time":"2014-05-15T20:54:42Z","timestamp":1400187282000},"page":"e97767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Sex Hormones Selectively Impact the Endocervical Mucosal Microenvironment: Implications for HIV Transmission"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Diana","family":"Goode","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meropi","family":"Aravantinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Jarl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosaline","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Derby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Guerra-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Kenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agegnehu","family":"Gettie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Robbiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70247-X","article-title":"Use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of HIV-1 transmission: a prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"R Heffron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328270388a","article-title":"Hormonal contraceptive use, herpes simplex virus infection, and risk of HIV-1 acquisition among Kenyan women","volume":"21","author":"JM Baeten","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833a2537","article-title":"Hormonal contraception and HIV acquisition: reanalysis using marginal structural modeling","volume":"24","author":"CS Morrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000045","article-title":"Effects of hormonal contraceptive use on HIV acquisition and transmission among HIV-discordant couples","volume":"27","author":"T Lutalo","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200301240-00014","article-title":"Hormonal contraceptive use and HIV-1 infection in a population-based cohort in Rakai, Uganda","volume":"17","author":"M Kiddugavu","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283060ea4","article-title":"A new strategy to understand how HIV infects women: identification of a window of vulnerability during the menstrual cycle","volume":"22","author":"CR Wira","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318220ebd3","article-title":"High susceptibility to repeated, low-dose, vaginal SHIV exposure late in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle of pigtail macaques","volume":"57","author":"SA Vishwanathan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2011.01.005","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity at mucosal surfaces of the female reproductive tract: stratification and integration of immune protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted infections","volume":"88","author":"DK Hickey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.8.7594","article-title":"Antigen-presenting cells in the female reproductive tract: influence of estradiol on antigen presentation by vaginal cells","volume":"141","author":"CR Wira","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2005.00287.x","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity in female genital tract: cellular responses and interactions","volume":"206","author":"CR Wira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1096-1084","article-title":"Progesterone implants enhance SIV vaginal transmission and early virus load","volume":"2","author":"PA Marx","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000131393.76221.cc","article-title":"Topical estrogen protects against SIV vaginal transmission without evidence of systemic effect","volume":"18","author":"SM Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1086\/315776","article-title":"Estrogen protects against vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus","volume":"182","author":"SM Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00948.x","article-title":"Immune responses to HIV in the female reproductive tract, immunologic parallels with the gastrointestinal tract, and research implications","volume":"65","author":"BL Shacklett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.02.015","article-title":"Blocking lymphocyte localization to the gastrointestinal mucosa as a therapeutic strategy for inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"140","author":"EJ Villablanca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.2174\/156652409789105525","article-title":"Role of beta7 integrins in intestinal lymphocyte homing and retention","volume":"9","author":"G Gorfu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1086\/323341","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection induces mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, providing an immunologic link between the fallopian tube and other mucosal tissues","volume":"184","author":"KA Kelly","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5198","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.65.12.5198-5208.1997","article-title":"Identification of homing receptors that mediate the recruitment of CD4 T cells to the genital tract following intravaginal infection with Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"65","author":"KA Kelly","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002109","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002109","article-title":"HSV-2 infection of dendritic cells amplifies a highly susceptible HIV-1 cell target","volume":"7","author":"E Martinelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2009.90","article-title":"Alpha4(+)beta7(hi)CD4(+) memory T cells harbor most Th-17 cells and are preferentially infected during acute SIV infection","volume":"2","author":"M Kader","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2009.00372.x","article-title":"CD4 T cell subsets in the mucosa are CD28+Ki-67-HLA-DR-CD69+ but show differential infection based on alpha4beta7 receptor expression during acute SIV infection","volume":"38","author":"M Kader","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Primatol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20877","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911796106","article-title":"The integrin alpha4beta7 forms a complex with cell-surface CD4 and defines a T-cell subset that is highly susceptible to infection by HIV-1","volume":"106","author":"C Cicala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1566","article-title":"HIV-1 envelope protein binds to and signals through integrin alpha4beta7, the gut mucosal homing receptor for peripheral T cells","volume":"9","author":"J Arthos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2746","article-title":"The HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 impairs B cell proliferation by inducing TGF-beta1 production and FcRL4 expression","volume":"14","author":"K Jelicic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinelli E, Veglia F, Goode D, Guerra-Perez N, Aravantinou M, et al. (2013) The frequency of alpha4beta7high memory CD4+ T cells correlates with susceptibility to rectal SIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31829f6e1a"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"381","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception","volume":"41","author":"DR Mishell Jr","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10843","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01838-13","article-title":"Preferential HIV infection of CCR6+ Th17 cells is associated with higher levels of virus receptor expression and lack of CCR5 ligands","volume":"87","author":"Y Alvarez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4618","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1004151","article-title":"Memory CCR6+CD4+ T cells are preferential targets for productive HIV type 1 infection regardless of their expression of integrin beta7","volume":"186","author":"P Monteiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(00)00132-0","article-title":"T-lymphocyte-epithelial-cell interactions: integrin alpha(E)(CD103)beta(7), LEEP-CAM and chemokines","volume":"12","author":"WW Agace","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1385\/IR:29:1-3:283","article-title":"Chemokine receptors and leukocyte trafficking in the mucosal immune system","volume":"29","author":"IR Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06356.x","article-title":"Sulfated glycans control lymphocyte homing","volume":"1253","author":"H Kawashima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0271","article-title":"Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate increases immune cell numbers and activation markers in human vaginal mucosal tissues","volume":"29","author":"N Chandra","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00283.x","article-title":"Ex vivo analysis of HIV-1 co-receptors at the endocervical mucosa of women using oral contraceptives","volume":"111","author":"M Prakash","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0302-3","article-title":"Two distinct lymphocyte homing systems involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"34","author":"M Kobayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1827.2002.01365.x","article-title":"Differential expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease","volume":"52","author":"S Arihiro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.1999.tb00084.x","article-title":"Expression of the mucosal vascular addressin, MAdCAM-1, in inflammatory liver disease","volume":"19","author":"KJ Hillan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Liver"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5584","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.12.5584","article-title":"Specialization of mucosal follicular dendritic cells revealed by mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule-1 display","volume":"158","author":"MC Szabo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.2003.t01-1-01175.x","article-title":"Mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 is expressed outside the endothelial lineage on fibroblasts and melanoma cells","volume":"81","author":"E Leung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0818-9641.2004.01247.x","article-title":"Bioassay detects soluble MAdCAM-1 in body fluids","volume":"82","author":"E Leung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102392","article-title":"DC mobilization from the skin requires docking to immobilized CCL21 on lymphatic endothelium and intralymphatic crawling","volume":"208","author":"O Tal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00533-09","article-title":"Analytical and biological considerations in the measurement of cell-associated CCR5 and CXCR4 mRNA and protein","volume":"17","author":"DE Campbell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.87","article-title":"Human cervicovaginal mucus contains an activity that hinders HIV-1 movement","volume":"6","author":"SA Shukair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1245","DOI":"10.2741\/A677","article-title":"Mucins of the human endocervix","volume":"6","author":"IK Gipson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)56402-4","article-title":"Antigenic similarities between respiratory and reproductive tract mucins: heterogeneity of mucin expression by human endocervix and endometrium","volume":"60","author":"OJ D'Cruz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079546","article-title":"Trophoblast L-selectin-mediated adhesion at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"299","author":"OD Genbacev","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-007-9151-8","article-title":"Expression of L-selectin ligand MECA-79 as a predictive marker of human uterine receptivity","volume":"24","author":"RA Foulk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-10-46","article-title":"Subcellular localization of L-selectin ligand in the endometrium implies a novel function for pinopodes in endometrial receptivity","volume":"10","author":"R Nejatbakhsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep247","article-title":"L-selectin ligands in human endometrium: comparison of fertile and infertile subjects","volume":"24","author":"L Margarit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/5.4.280","article-title":"Mammalian reproductive tract mucins","volume":"5","author":"E Lagow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2007.00563.x","article-title":"Mucosal innate immunity as a determinant of HIV susceptibility","volume":"59","author":"SM Iqbal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5640","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308425101","article-title":"Roles of substrate availability and infection of resting and activated CD4+ T cells in transmission and acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"101","author":"ZQ Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4433-6_6","article-title":"Simian immunodeficiency virus interactions with macaque dendritic cells","volume":"762","author":"N Teleshova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brahmbhatt H, Makumbi F, Lutalo T, Sekasanvu J, Serwadda D, et al. (2013) Longitudinal study of correlates of modern contraceptive use and impact of HIV care programmes among HIV concordant and serodiscordant couples in Rakai, Uganda. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care.","DOI":"10.1136\/jfprhc-2013-100593"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.09.013","article-title":"Factors associated with inflammation markers, a cross-sectional analysis","volume":"56","author":"TV Clendenen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56161","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056161","article-title":"Progesterone is essential for protecting against LPS-induced pregnancy loss. LIF as a potential mediator of the anti-inflammatory effect of progesterone","volume":"8","author":"J Aisemberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gipson IK (2005) Human endocervical mucins. Ernst Schering Res Found Workshop: 219\u2013244.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-27147-3_10"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.6.1131S","article-title":"Microbial modulation of innate defense: goblet cells and the intestinal mucus layer","volume":"73","author":"B Deplancke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-010-0131-2","article-title":"Intestinal goblet cells and mucins in health and disease: recent insights and progress","volume":"12","author":"YS Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2011.12.003","article-title":"Role of epithelial mucins during airway infection","volume":"25","author":"KC Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.12.017","article-title":"Multiple clinically relevant hormone therapy regimens fail to improve cognitive function in aged ovariectomized rhesus monkeys","volume":"34","author":"MG Baxter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12034","article-title":"Oestradiol modulation of serotonin reuptake transporter and serotonin metabolism in the brain of monkeys","volume":"25","author":"MG Sanchez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0097767","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T04:53:14Z","timestamp":1689223994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0097767"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Derya","family":"Unutmaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0097767","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]]}}}