{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T14:07:59Z","timestamp":1789913279757,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]],"date-time":"2014-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403740800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]],"date-time":"2014-06-26T20:56:47Z","timestamp":1403816207000},"page":"e100598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Modeling Neutralization Kinetics of HIV by Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies in Genital Secretions Coating the Cervicovaginal Mucosa"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Scott A.","family":"McKinley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Mucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Gregory","family":"Forest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel K.","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10696","article-title":"Structure of HIV-1 gp120 V1\/V2 domain with broadly neutralizing antibody PG9","volume":"480","author":"JS McLellan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"292","article-title":"IgG and IgA content of vaginal fluid during the menstrual cycle","volume":"34","author":"SJ Usala","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-5-79","article-title":"Low pH immobilizes and kills human leukocytes and prevents transmission of cell-associated HIV in a mouse model","volume":"5","author":"SS Olmsted","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Cone R (1999) Mucus. In: Ogra PL, Mestecky J, Lamm ME, Strober W, Bienenstock J <etal>et al<\/etal>.., editors. Handbook of Mucosal Immunology. 3 ed. San Diego: Academic Press. 43\u201364."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilian M, Russell MW (1994) Function of mucosal immunoglobulins. In: Ogra PL, Mestecky J, Lamm ME, Strober W, Bienenstock J <etal>et al<\/etal>.., editors. Handbook of Mucosal Immunology. San Diego: Academic Press. 127\u2013137.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-524730-6.50016-6"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136698","article-title":"Immunology of spermatozoa and cervical mucus","volume":"3","author":"GF Schumacher","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.10.004","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1: templates for a vaccine","volume":"435","author":"MJ van Gils","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213782","article-title":"Increasing the potency and breadth of an HIV antibody by using structure-based rational design","volume":"334","author":"R Diskin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1178746","article-title":"Broad and potent neutralizing antibodies from an African donor reveal a new HIV-1 vaccine target","volume":"326","author":"LM Walker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1187659","article-title":"Rational design of envelope identifies broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies to HIV-1","volume":"329","author":"X Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(01)75844-4","article-title":"Diffusion of macromolecules and virus-like particles in human cervical mucus","volume":"81","author":"SS Olmsted","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11196","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01899-08","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is trapped by acidic but not by neutralized human cervicovaginal mucus","volume":"83","author":"SK Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11504","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500848102","article-title":"HIV binding, penetration, and primary infection in human cervicovaginal tissue","volume":"102","author":"D Maher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6087","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.13.6087-6095.2000","article-title":"Simian immunodeficiency virus rapidly penetrates the cervicovaginal mucosa after intravaginal inoculation and infects intraepithelial dendritic cells","volume":"74","author":"J Hu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro729","article-title":"Inhibiting sexual transmission of HIV-1 infection","volume":"1","author":"RJ Shattock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"269","article-title":"Investigation of microtrauma after sexual intercourse","volume":"29","author":"MK Norvell","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2009.08.010","article-title":"Transport theory for HIV diffusion through in vivo distributions of topical microbicide gels","volume":"97","author":"BE Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.106.086322","article-title":"Dynamics of HIV neutralization by a microbicide formulation layer: biophysical fundamentals and transport theory","volume":"91","author":"AR Geonnotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04817","article-title":"Distribution and three-dimensional structure of AIDS virus envelope spikes","volume":"441","author":"P Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90593-E","article-title":"Factors underlying spontaneous inactivation and susceptibility to neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"189","author":"SP Layne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.09.012","article-title":"Micro- and macrorheology of mucus","volume":"61","author":"SK Lai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002900","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002900","article-title":"Virus neutralisation: new insights from kinetic neutralisation curves","volume":"9","author":"C Magnus","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000713","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000713","article-title":"Estimating the stoichiometry of HIV neutralization","volume":"6","author":"C Magnus","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Norris JR (1998) Markov Chains. Cambridge Series in Statistical and Probabilistic Mathmematics: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asmussen S, Glynn PW (2007) Stochastic Simulation: Algorithms and Analysis. Stochastic Modeling and Applied Probability: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-69033-9"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.6.3500-3508.2005","article-title":"Stoichiometry of antibody neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"79","author":"X Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8364","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.10.8364-8370.1999","article-title":"Stoichiometry of monoclonal antibody neutralization of T-cell line-adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"73","author":"K Schonning","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-75-6-1457","article-title":"Single- and multi-hit kinetics of immunoglobulin G neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by monoclonal antibodies","volume":"6)","author":"L McLain","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Gen Virol 75 (Pt"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"109","article-title":"A model for neutralization of viruses based on antibody coating of the virion surface","volume":"260","author":"DR Burton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3512","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.3512-3519.1998","article-title":"Neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by antibody to gp120 is determined primarily by occupancy of sites on the virion irrespective of epitope specificity","volume":"72","author":"PW Parren","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.4.2779-2785.1997","article-title":"Neutralization of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolate JR-FL by human monoclonal antibodies correlates with antibody binding to the oligomeric form of the envelope glycoprotein complex","volume":"71","author":"TR Fouts","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(94)80802-1","article-title":"Antibody diffusion in human cervical mucus","volume":"66","author":"WM Saltzman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101907","article-title":"MPER-specific antibodies induce gp120 shedding and irreversibly neutralize HIV-1","volume":"208","author":"CR Ruprecht","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000433","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000433","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing human anti-HIV antibody 2G12 is effective in protection against mucosal SHIV challenge even at low serum neutralizing titers","volume":"5","author":"AJ Hessell","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4009","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.5.4009-4018.1999","article-title":"Protection of Macaques against pathogenic simian\/human immunodeficiency virus 89.6PD by passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies","volume":"73","author":"JR Mascola","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8340","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.17.8340-8347.2001","article-title":"Antibody protects macaques against vaginal challenge with a pathogenic R5 simian\/human immunodeficiency virus at serum levels giving complete neutralization in vitro","volume":"75","author":"PW Parren","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18207","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018207","article-title":"An anti-HIV-1 V3 loop antibody fully protects cross-clade and elicits T-cell immunity in macaques mucosally challenged with an R5 clade C SHIV","volume":"6","author":"JD Watkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7293","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.14.7293-7305.2002","article-title":"The mannose-dependent epitope for neutralizing antibody 2G12 on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein gp120","volume":"76","author":"RW Sanders","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/72318","article-title":"Protection of macaques against vaginal transmission of a pathogenic HIV-1\/SIV chimeric virus by passive infusion of neutralizing antibodies","volume":"6","author":"JR Mascola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.1.449","article-title":"Dissociation rate of antibody-gp120 binding interactions is predictive of V3-mediated neutralization of HIV-1","volume":"153","author":"TC VanCott","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12311","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.19.12311-12320.2005","article-title":"Kinetic rates of antibody binding correlate with neutralization sensitivity of variant simian immunodeficiency virus strains","volume":"79","author":"JD Steckbeck","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2005.04.049","article-title":"Ultra-potent antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus: effects of binding kinetics and binding valence on viral neutralization","volume":"350","author":"H Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09385","article-title":"Polyreactivity increases the apparent affinity of anti-HIV antibodies by heteroligation","volume":"467","author":"H Mouquet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908492","article-title":"Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX to prevent HIV-1 infection in Thailand","volume":"361","author":"S Rerks-Ngarm","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0911748107","article-title":"Nanoparticles reveal that human cervicovaginal mucus is riddled with pores larger than viruses","volume":"107","author":"SK Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang YY, Kannan A, Nunn KL, Murphy MA, Subramani DB, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2014) IgG in cervicovaginal mucus traps HSV and prevents vaginal Herpes infections. Mucosal Immunol.","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.120"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6271","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.8.6271-6275.1997","article-title":"High viral load in semen of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected men at all stages of disease and its reduction by therapy with protease and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors","volume":"71","author":"P Gupta","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)41169-6","article-title":"The semen of fertile men: statistical analysis of 1300 men","volume":"26","author":"N Rehan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1159\/000070184","article-title":"Surface area of the human vagina as measured from vinyl polysiloxane casts","volume":"55","author":"PB Pendergrass","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/00224498809551408","article-title":"Penis size increase between flaccid and erect states: An analysis of the Kinsey data","volume":"24","author":"PL Jamison","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(59)90173-5","article-title":"The quantity of vaginal fluid","volume":"78","author":"A Stone","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(99)00010-4","article-title":"A vaginal fluid simulant","volume":"59","author":"DH Owen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukair SA, Allen SA, Cianci GC, Stieh DJ, Anderson MR, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2012) Human cervicovaginal mucus contains an activity that hinders HIV-1 movement. Mucosal Immunol.","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.87"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200103300-00012","article-title":"Viral burden in genital secretions determines male-to-female sexual transmission of HIV-1: a probabilistic empiric model","volume":"15","author":"H Chakraborty","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175868","article-title":"Structural basis of immune evasion at the site of CD4 attachment on HIV-1 gp120","volume":"326","author":"L Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20927","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020927","article-title":"A directed molecular evolution approach to improved immunogenicity of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein","volume":"6","author":"SX Du","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12111","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1204533109","article-title":"HIV-1 envelope trimer elicits more potent neutralizing antibody responses than monomeric gp120","volume":"109","author":"JM Kovacs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10373","article-title":"Broad neutralization coverage of HIV by multiple highly potent antibodies","volume":"477","author":"LM Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05580","article-title":"Structural definition of a conserved neutralization epitope on HIV-1 gp120","volume":"445","author":"T Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1207227","article-title":"Sequence and structural convergence of broad and potent HIV antibodies that mimic CD4 binding","volume":"333","author":"JF Scheid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0100598","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T16:23:07Z","timestamp":1689351787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0100598"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Aftab A.","family":"Ansari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0100598","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]]}}}