{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:00:19Z","timestamp":1790769619176,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]],"date-time":"2014-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406073600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]],"date-time":"2014-07-23T22:03:16Z","timestamp":1406152996000},"page":"e102822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Earliest Cranio-Encephalic Trauma from the Levantine Middle Palaeolithic: 3D Reappraisal of the Qafzeh 11 Skull, Consequences of Pediatric Brain Damage on Individual Life Condition and Social Care"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Coqueugniot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Dutour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baruch","family":"Arensburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henri","family":"Duday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Vandermeersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-marie","family":"Tillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"McCown TD, Keith A (1939) The Stone Age of Mount Carmel. vol. II. Oxford: Clarendon University Press. 390 p."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trinkaus E (1983) The Shanidar Neandertals. New York: Academic Press. 502 p.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-700550-8.50011-1"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Tillier AM, Arensburg B, Duday H, Vandermeersch B (2004) Dental Pathology, Stressful Events and Disease in Levantine Early Anatomically Modern Humans: Evidence from Qafzeh. In: Goren Inbar N, Speth JD, editors. Human Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor. Oxbow Book. pp. 135\u2013148."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3406\/paleo.1981.4292","article-title":"Pi\u00e8ces pathologiques de la n\u00e9cropole moust\u00e9rienne de Qafzeh","volume":"7","author":"J Dastugue","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pal\u00e9orient"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3406\/paleo.1984.4348","article-title":"L&apos;enfant Homo 11 de Qafzeh (Isra\u00ebl) et son apport \u00e0 la compr\u00e9hension des modalit\u00e9s de la croissance des squelettes moust\u00e9riens","volume":"10","author":"AM Tillier","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pal\u00e9orient"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Tillier AM (1999) Les enfants moust\u00e9riens de Qafzeh. Interpr\u00e9tation phylog\u00e9n\u00e9tique et pal\u00e9oauxologique. Paris: Cahiers de Pal\u00e9oanthropologie, CNRS Editions. 239 p."},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Coqueugniot H, Desbarats P, Dutailly B, Panuel M, Dutour O (2010) Les outils de l&apos;imagerie m\u00e9dicale et de la 3D au service des maladies du pass\u00e9. In: Vergnieux R, Delevoie C, editors. Virtual Retrospect 2009. Ausonius Editions: Collection Arch\u00e9ovision, volume 4. pp. 177\u2013180."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Coqueugniot H, Dutailly B, Desbarats P, Dutour O (2012) VIRCOPAL (VIRtual COllection of PALeo-specimens): 3D ressources for teaching and research in Paleopathology. 19th European Meeting of the Paleopathology Association, Lille, France, abstract volume: 41."},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Dutour O, Coqueugniot H, Naji S, Colombo A, Herrscher E, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2012) Contribution of 3D imaging to identify paleopathological processes. 39th Annual Meeting of the Paleopathology Association Portland, Oregon, abstract volume: 13\u201314."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Vandermeersch B (1981) Les hommes fossiles de Qafzeh. Paris: Cahiers de Pal\u00e9oanthropologie, CNRS Editions. 319 p."},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"New Middle Palaeolithic hominin Dental Remains from Qafzeh (Israel)","author":"AM Tillier","journal-title":"Pal\u00e9orient"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(88)90063-2","article-title":"ESR dates for the Hominid Burial site of Qafzeh in Israel","volume":"17","author":"H Schwarcz","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/331614a0","article-title":"Thermoluminescence dating of Mousterian \u201cProto-cro-magnon\u201d remains from Israel and the origin of Modern man","volume":"331","author":"H Valladas","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Bouti\u00e9 P (1989). Etude technologique de l&apos;industrie moust\u00e9rienne de la grotte de Qafzeh (pr\u00e8s de Nazareth, Isra\u00ebl). In: Bar-Yosef O, Vandermeersch B., editors. Investigations in South Levantine Prehistory. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 497. pp. 213\u2013229."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Hovers E (1997) Variability of Levantine Mousterian Assemblages and Settlement patterns. Implications for the Development of Human Behavior. PhD Dissertation, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 385 p."},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Hovers E (2009) The Lithic assemblages of Qafzeh Cave. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 320 p."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Howell FC (1958) Upper Pleistocene Men of Southwestern Asian Mousterian. In: Hundert Jahre Neanderthaler Neandertal Centenary 1856\u20131956. B\u00f6hlau Verlag K\u00f6ln-Graz. pp. 185\u2013198."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21655","article-title":"Age-related changes of digital endocranial volume during human ontogeny: Results from an osteological reference collection","volume":"147","author":"H Coqueugniot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Rampont M (1994) Les squelettes, os et dents de foetus, nouveau-n\u00e9s et enfants du Mus\u00e9e Anatomique de Strasbourg. Aspects historiques et catalogue. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Louis Pasteur, Medicine Faculty, Strasbourg. 170 p."},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"2505","article-title":"3D surface reconstruction using HMH algorithm","author":"B Dutailly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330910405","article-title":"Linear measurements of cortical bone and dental enamel by computed tomography: applications and problems","volume":"91","author":"CF Spoor","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthrop"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Coqueugniot H, Dutailly B, Desbarats P, Dutour O (2013) Proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de mod\u00e9lisation d&apos;une pi\u00e8ce form\u00e9e de tissu osseux. Bordeaux and Aix-Marseille Universities, France. French patent n\u00b01151284."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.01.008","article-title":"Three-dimensional computer-assisted craniometrics: a comparison of the uncertainty in measurement induced by surface reconstruction performed by two computer programs","volume":"219","author":"P Guyomarc'h","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235381","article-title":"BigBrain: An Ultrahigh-Resolution 3D Human Brain Model","volume":"340","author":"K Amunts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holloway RL, Broadfield DC, Yuan MS (2004) The human fossil record. Volume Three: Brain endocasts - The Paleoneurological Evidence. Wiley-Liss, Hoboken. 315 p.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471663573"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"411.e1","article-title":"Facial soft tissue depths in French adults: Variability, specificity and estimation","volume":"231","author":"P Guyomarc'h","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"243","article-title":"\u00c9quations d&apos;estimation de la capacit\u00e9 cr\u00e2nienne chez l&apos;enfant: application pal\u00e9oanthropologique","volume":"32","author":"H Coqueugniot","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anthropologie (Brno)"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1009","article-title":"Mapping brain asymmetry","volume":"4","author":"AW Toga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1976.tb25499.x","article-title":"Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man and non human primate","volume":"280","author":"M LeMay","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Brodmann K (1909) Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth. Translated by L. Garey as Localisation in the cerebral cortex. Springer 2006. 298 p."},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Lloyd D (2007) What do Brodmann areas do?, Or: Scanning the Neurocracy. Hartford, CT: Program in Neuroscience. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.trincoll.edu\/~dlloyd\/brodmann.html\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.trincoll.edu\/~dlloyd\/brodmann.html<\/ext-link>"},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Waldron T (2009) Palaeopathology. Cambridge manuals in Archaeology, Cambridge University Press. 279 p."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6444","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.082111899","article-title":"Evidence for interpersonal violence in the St-Cesaire Neanderthal","volume":"99","author":"CPE Zollikoffer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Mann A, Monge J (2008) A Neandertal parietal fragment from Krapina (Croatia) with a serious cranial trauma. In: Monge J, Mann A, Frayer DW, Radov\u010dic J, editors. New insights on the Krapina Neandertals. Zagreb: Croatian Natural History Museum. pp. 261\u2013268."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e247","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2467","article-title":"Skeletal Surveys in Infants With Isolated Skull Fractures","volume":"123","author":"JN Wood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.13.2.161","article-title":"The Phenomenology of Personality Change Due to Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents","volume":"13","author":"JE Max","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00139.x","article-title":"Neurobehavioral sequelae of traumatic brain injury: evaluation and management","volume":"7","author":"TW McAllister","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondo O, Kubo D, Suzuki H, Ogihara N (2014) Virtual endocast of Qafzeh 9: a preliminary assessment of right-left asymmetry. In: Akazawa T, Ogihara NC, Tanabe H, Terashima H, editors. Dynamics of learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans, volume 2: Cognitive and Physical Perspectives. Springer Japan. pp. 183\u2013190.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-54553-8_21"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000304108.32283.aa","article-title":"The Toronto Traumatic Brain Injury Study: injury severity and quantified MRI","volume":"70","author":"B Levine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0615","article-title":"Diffuse changes in cortical thickness in pediatric moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"25","author":"TL Merkley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Segura LM (2009) Hormones and brain plasticity. New York: Oxford University Press. 496 p.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195326611.001.0001"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Grimaud-Herv\u00e9 D (1997) L&apos;\u00e9volution de l&apos;enc\u00e9phale chez <italic>Homo erectus<\/italic> et <italic>Homo sapiens<\/italic>. Exemples de l&apos;Asie et de l&apos;Europe. Paris: Cahiers de Pal\u00e9oanthropologie, CNRS \u00e9ditions. 405 p."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13219-012-0069-z","article-title":"First description of the Cro-Magnon 1 endocast and study of brain variation and evolution in anatomically modern <italic>Homo sapiens<\/italic>","volume":"25","author":"A Balzeau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull M\u00e9m Soc Anthropol Paris"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.43.10.873","article-title":"Human cerebral asymmetries evaluated by computed tomography","volume":"43","author":"H Chang Chui","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330330506","article-title":"Assessment of systemic physiological perturbations from dental enamel hypoplasia and associated histological structures","volume":"33","author":"H Goodman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Yearb Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330820211","article-title":"Enamel hypoplasias: poor indications of dietary stress","volume":"82","author":"E Neiburger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"ref47","unstructured":"Berti PR, Mahaney MC (1992) Quantification of the confidence interval of linear enamel hypoplasia chronologies. In: Capasso LL, Goodman AH, editors. Recent Contributions to the study of Enamel Developmental defects. Chieti Italy: Journal of Paleopathology Monogr Publ.2. pp. 19\u201330."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schultz M, Carli-Thiele P, Schmidt-Schultz TH, Kiedorf U, Kiedorf H, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (1998) Enamel Hypoplasias in Archaeological Skeletal remains. In: Alt KW, R\u00f6sing FW, Teschler-Nicola M, editors. Dental Anthropology. Fundamentals, Limits and Propects. Wien, New York: Springer. pp. 293\u2013312.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-7496-8_16"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.1996.0078","article-title":"Developmental Stress in Immature Hominines from Late Pleistocene Eurasia: Evidence from enamel Hypoplasia","volume":"23","author":"M Skinner","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.05.010","article-title":"Shanidar 3 Neandertal rib puncture wound and paleolithic weaponry","volume":"57","author":"SE Churchill","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2007.04.003","article-title":"Shanidar 10: a Middle Paleolithic immature distal lower limb from Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan","volume":"53","author":"LW Cowgill","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11097","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.181353998","article-title":"Comparative morphology and paleobiology of Middle Pleistocene human remains from the Bau de l&apos;Aubesier, Vaucluse, France","volume":"98","author":"S Lebel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330670105","article-title":"Pathology and posture of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neanderthal","volume":"67","author":"E Trinkaus","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthrop"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.2001.0808","article-title":"Comparative skeletal pathology and the case for conspecific care in Middle Pleistocene Hominins","volume":"29","author":"D DeGusta","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200102)114:2<166::AID-AJPA1017>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"An early case of hydrocephalus: the Middle Paleolithic Qafzeh 12 child (Israel)","volume":"114","author":"AM Tillier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthrop"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1038\/434717b","article-title":"The earliest toothless hominin skull","volume":"434","author":"D Lordkipanidze","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6573","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900965106","article-title":"Craniosynostosis in the Middle Pleistocene human Cranium 14 from the Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca, Spain","volume":"106","author":"A Gracia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6429","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0902614106","article-title":"The prehistory of compassion","volume":"106","author":"JJ Hublin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"298","article-title":"Une s\u00e9pulture moust\u00e9rienne avec offrandes d\u00e9couverte dans la grotte de Qafzeh","volume":"270 D","author":"B Vandermeersch","year":"1970","journal-title":"C R Acad Sc Paris"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"2562","article-title":"Les nouveaux squelettes moust\u00e9riens d\u00e9couverts \u00e0 Qafzeh (Isra\u00ebl) et leur signification","volume":"268 D","author":"B Vandermeersch","year":"1969","journal-title":"C R Acad Sc Paris"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3406\/paleo.1995.4618","article-title":"Pal\u00e9oanthropologie et pratiques fun\u00e9raires au Levant m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en durant le Pal\u00e9olithique moyen: le cas des sujets non adultes. Anthropologie du Proche-Orient, Donn\u00e9es r\u00e9centes. Volume coordonn\u00e9 par B. Vandermeersch","volume":"21\/2","author":"AM Tillier","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pal\u00e9orient"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tillier AM (2009) L&apos;homme et la mort. L&apos;\u00e9mergence du geste fun\u00e9raire en Pr\u00e9histoire. Paris: CNRS Editions. 186 p.","DOI":"10.4000\/books.editionscnrs.7739"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0102822","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]],"date-time":"2019-08-13T03:40:31Z","timestamp":1565667631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0102822"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David","family":"Frayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0102822","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]]}}}