{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:15:39Z","timestamp":1791292539189,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,14]],"date-time":"2014-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407974400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,14]],"date-time":"2014-08-14T14:28:19Z","timestamp":1408026499000},"page":"e102829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Unsupervised Eye Pupil Localization through Differential Geometry and Local Self-Similarity Matching"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Leo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Cazzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"De Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosimo","family":"Distante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.30","article-title":"In the eye of the beholder: A survey of models for eyes and gaze","volume":"32","author":"DW Hansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"SMI SensoMotoric Instruments iXH (2012) The mobile, head-mounted eye- and gaze tracker. Retrieved from <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/wwwsmivisioncom\/en\/gaze-and-eye-tracking-systems\/products\/iview-x-hedhtml\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/wwwsmivisioncom\/en\/gaze-and-eye-tracking-systems\/products\/iview-x-hedhtml<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2004.07.012","article-title":"Robust real-time eye detection and tracking under variable lighting conditions and various face orientations","volume":"98","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Computer Vision and Image Understanding"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-012-0541-8","article-title":"Improving head movement tolerance of cross-ratio based eye trackers","volume":"101","author":"F Coutinho","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.01.009","article-title":"Facial feature detection using distance vector fields","volume":"42","author":"S Asteriadis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Timm F, Barth E (2011) Accurate eye centre localisation by means of gradients. In: Mestetskiy L, Braz J, editors, VISAPP. SciTePress, pp. 125\u2013130."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valenti R, Gevers T (2008) Accurate eye center location and tracking using isophote curvature. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2008.4587529"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.251","article-title":"Accurate eye center location through invariant isocentric patterns","volume":"34","author":"R Valenti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroon B, Hanjalic A, Maas S (2008) Eye localization for face matching, is it always useful and under what conditions? In: CIVR 2008: Proceedings of the International Conference on Content-based Image and Video Retrieval. ACM, ACM, p. 379\u2013387.","DOI":"10.1145\/1386352.1386401"},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Niu Z, Shan S, Yan S, Chen X, Gao W (2006) 2d cascaded adaboost for eye localization. In: Pattern Recognition, 2006. ICPR 2006. 18th International Conference on. volume 2, pp. 1216\u20131219."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.183","article-title":"Toward accurate and fast iris segmentation for iris biometrics","volume":"31","author":"Z He","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001409007259","article-title":"Precise eye and mounth localization","volume":"23(03)","author":"P Campadelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Patt Recogn Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristinacce D, Cootes T, Scott I (2004) A multi-stage approach to facial feature detection. In: BMVC. pp. 231\u2013240.","DOI":"10.5244\/C.18.30"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2013.08.008","article-title":"Eye pupil localization with an ensemble of randomized trees","volume":"47","author":"N Markus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1109\/83.902291","article-title":"Active contours without edges","volume":"10","author":"TF Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Image processing, IEEE transactions on"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2009.2033225","article-title":"Iris segmentation using geodesic active contours","volume":"4","author":"S Shah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Information Forensics and Security, IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.83","article-title":"Decoupled active contour (dac) for boundary detection","volume":"33","author":"AK Mishra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1109\/34.244676","article-title":"High confidence visual recognition of persons by a test of statistical independence","volume":"15","author":"JG Daugman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1109\/5.628669","article-title":"Iris recognition: an emerging biometric technology","volume":"85","author":"RP Wildes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"ref20","volume":"22(03)","unstructured":"Leo M, Cazzato D, De Marco T, Distante C (2013) An unsupervised approach for the accurate localization of the pupils in near-frontal facial images. Journal of Electronic Imaging <volume>22(03)<\/volume>.."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.105","article-title":"Self-similarity and points of interest","volume":"32","author":"J Maver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"ref22","volume":"volume 2","unstructured":"Lichtenauer J, Hendriks E, Reinders M (2005) Isophote properties as features for object detection. In: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2005. CVPR 2005. IEEE Computer Society Conference on. <volume>volume 2<\/volume> , pp. 649\u2013654 <volume>vol. 2<\/volume>.."},{"key":"ref23","volume":"volume 2","unstructured":"Van Ginkel M, Van de Weijer J, Van Vliet L, Verbeek P (1999) Curvature estimation from orientation fields. In: PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCANDINAVIAN CONFERENCE ON IMAGE ANALYSIS. <volume>volume 2<\/volume> , pp. 545\u2013552."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints","volume":"60","author":"DG Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Comput Vision"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.66","article-title":"The ubiris. v2: A database of visible wavelength iris images captured on-the-move and at-a-distance","volume":"32","author":"H Proenca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000013087.49260.fb","article-title":"Robust real-time face detection","volume":"57","author":"P Viola","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"BioID (2001) Technology Research, the BioID Face Database available on line at <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.bioid.com\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.bioid.com<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jesorsky O, Kirchberg KJ, Frischholz R (2001) Robust face detection using the hausdorff distance. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication. London, UK: Springer-Verlag, AVBPA &apos;01, pp. 90\u201395.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45344-X_14"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1109\/34.927464","article-title":"From few to many: Illumination cone models for face recognition under variable lighting and pose","volume":"23","author":"A Georghiades","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intelligence"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(97)00070-X","article-title":"The feret database and evaluation procedure for face-recognition algorithms","volume":"16","author":"P Phillips","year":"1998","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0102829","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T20:24:47Z","timestamp":1588969487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0102829"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michele","family":"Madigan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,14]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0102829","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,14]]}}}