{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:05:39Z","timestamp":1791173139307,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]],"date-time":"2014-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407110400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]],"date-time":"2014-08-04T20:39:11Z","timestamp":1407184751000},"page":"e103434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Human Cathelicidin Production by the Cervix"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Lorraine","family":"Frew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Makieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew T. M.","family":"McKinlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.","family":"McHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Doust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald J.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Stock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0403147","article-title":"Cathelicidins, multifunctional peptides of the innate immunity","volume":"75","author":"M Zanetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaumont PE, Li H-N, Davidson DJ (2013) LL-37: an immunomodulatory antimicrobial host defence peptide. Springer Bassel","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-0541-4_4"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2004.05.013","article-title":"Bacterial products increase expression of the human cathelicidin hCAP-18\/LL-37 in cultured human sinus epithelial cells","volume":"42","author":"MJ Nell","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200201000-00015","article-title":"Interleukin-1alpha and interleukin-6 enhance the antibacterial properties of cultured composite keratinocyte grafts","volume":"235","author":"G Erdag","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.5.2909","article-title":"Cutting Edge: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Is a Direct Inducer of Antimicrobial Peptide Gene Expression","volume":"173","author":"T-T Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3284com","article-title":"Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"19","author":"AF Gombart","year":"2005","journal-title":"The FASEB Journal"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31996","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031996","article-title":"HIV-neutralizing activity of cationic polypeptides in cervicovaginal secretions of women in HIV-serodiscordant relationships","volume":"7","author":"P Levinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.5.2561-2566.1999","article-title":"The Human Cationic Antimicrobial Protein (hCAP18), a Peptide Antibiotic, Is Widely Expressed in Human Squamous Epithelia and Colocalizes with Interleukin-6","volume":"67","author":"M Frohm Nilsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328321809c","article-title":"Levels of innate immune factors in genital fluids: association of alpha defensins and LL-37 with genital infections and increased HIV acquisition","volume":"23","author":"P Levinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2006.00124.x","article-title":"Selection and identification of anaerobic lactobacilli producing inhibitory compounds against vaginal pathogens","volume":"48","author":"J Kaewsrichan","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719109341998","article-title":"Elafin (SKALP\/Trappin-2\/proteinase inhibitor-3) Is Produced by the Cervix in Pregnancy and Cervicovaginal Levels Are Diminished in Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"16","author":"SJ Stock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reproductive Sciences"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132.e131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.11.019","article-title":"Associations between vaginal bacteria and levels of vaginal defensins in pregnant women","volume":"208","author":"C Mitchell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300661","article-title":"Viral infection of the pregnant cervix predisposes to ascending bacterial infection","volume":"191","author":"K Racicot","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.29.2.297-301.1991","article-title":"Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation","volume":"29","author":"RP Nugent","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1262505","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is common during pregnancy","volume":"28","author":"DD Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5693","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00524-06","article-title":"Reversible deficiency of antimicrobial polypeptides in bacterial vaginosis","volume":"74","author":"EV Valore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12014","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy - still a public health issue","volume":"9","author":"T McAree","year":"2013","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"6","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors up-regulate LL-37 expression independent of toll-like receptor mediated signalling in airway epithelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Q Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Inflamm-Lond"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2008.03924.x","article-title":"Keratinocytes treated with peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus produce vascular endothelial growth factor, and its expression is amplified by the subsequent production of interleukin-13","volume":"48","author":"V Ruiz-Gonzalez","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123933","article-title":"Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response","volume":"311","author":"PT Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7115","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.10.7115","article-title":"IL-15 links TLR2\/1-induced macrophage differentiation to the vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial pathway","volume":"181","author":"SR Krutzik","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5810","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005810","article-title":"Convergence of IL-1beta and VDR activation pathways in human TLR2\/1-induced antimicrobial responses","volume":"4","author":"PT Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902840","article-title":"Vitamin D decreases respiratory syncytial virus induction of NF-kappaB-linked chemokines and cytokines in airway epithelium while maintaining the antiviral state","volume":"184","author":"S Hansdottir","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2007.03.003","article-title":"Induction of cathelicidin in normal and CF bronchial epithelial cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)","volume":"6","author":"S Yim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cyst Fibros"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"National Collaborating Centre for Ws and Children's H (2008) National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance. Antenatal Care: Routine care for the healthy pregnant woman. London: RCOG Press National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512002255","article-title":"Vitamin D in pregnancy at high latitude in Scotland","volume":"109","author":"P Haggarty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toher C, Lindsay K, McKenna M, Kilbane M, Curran S, et al. (2013) Relationship between vitamin D knowledge and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels amongst pregnant women. J Hum Nutr Diet.","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12150"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-575","article-title":"Positive correlation between circulating cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (hCAP18\/LL-37) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in healthy adults","volume":"5","author":"BM Dixon","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.12.1097","article-title":"Circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and human cathelicidin in healthy adults","volume":"127","author":"I Bhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-7-28","article-title":"Alterations in vitamin D status and anti-microbial peptide levels in patients in the intensive care unit with sepsis","volume":"7","author":"L Jeng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1086\/596314","article-title":"Low plasma level of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (hCAP18) predicts increased infectious disease mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"48","author":"AF Gombart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4289","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803736","article-title":"Vitamin d-directed rheostatic regulation of monocyte antibacterial responses","volume":"182","author":"JS Adams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01726.x","article-title":"Maternal plasma level of antimicrobial peptide LL37 is a major determinant factor of neonatal plasma LL37 level","volume":"99","author":"A Mandic Havelka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta P\u00e6diatrica"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15580","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015580","article-title":"Vitamin D induction of the human antimicrobial Peptide cathelicidin in the urinary bladder","volume":"5","author":"O Hertting","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.7.200110-020","article-title":"Increased Levels of Antimicrobial Peptides in Tracheal Aspirates of Newborn Infants during Infection","volume":"165","author":"S Schaller-Bals","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.7.1069","article-title":"LL-37, the neutrophil granule- and epithelial cell-derived cathelicidin, utilizes formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) as a receptor to chemoattract human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells","volume":"192","author":"D Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4987","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.8.4987","article-title":"A novel P2X7 receptor activator, the human cathelicidin-derived peptide LL37, induces IL-1 beta processing and release","volume":"172","author":"A Elssner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6690","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.12.6690","article-title":"The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 activates innate immunity at the airway epithelial surface by transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor","volume":"171","author":"GS Tjabringa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.300666","article-title":"Neutrophil-derived cathelicidin promotes adhesion of classical monocytes","volume":"112","author":"S Wantha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5701043","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo wound healing-promoting activities of human cathelicidin LL-37","volume":"128","author":"M Carretero","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17545","article-title":"An angiogenic role for the human peptide antibiotic LL-37\/hCAP-18","volume":"111","author":"R Koczulla","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.5.3044","article-title":"An antimicrobial cathelicidin peptide, human CAP18\/LL-37, suppresses neutrophil apoptosis via the activation of formyl-peptide receptor-like 1 and P2X7","volume":"176","author":"I Nagaoka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1005560","article-title":"The human cationic host defense peptide LL-37 mediates contrasting effects on apoptotic pathways in different primary cells of the innate immune system","volume":"80","author":"PG Barlow","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-08-0326","article-title":"Leucine leucine-37 uses formyl peptide receptor-like 1 to activate signal transduction pathways, stimulate oncogenic gene expression, and enhance the invasiveness of ovarian cancer cells","volume":"7","author":"SB Coffelt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202388","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated protein activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is enhanced in lupus macrophages","volume":"190","author":"JM Kahlenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.5.3044","article-title":"An Antimicrobial Cathelicidin Peptide, Human CAP18\/LL-37, Suppresses Neutrophil Apoptosis via the Activation of Formyl-Peptide Receptor-Like 1 and P2X7","volume":"176","author":"I Nagaoka","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C105","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00158.2010","article-title":"Cathelicidin LL-37 peptide regulates endothelial cell stiffness and endothelial barrier permeability","volume":"300","author":"FJ Byfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30471","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M802185200","article-title":"The human cathelicidin LL-37 modulates the activities of the P2X7 receptor in a structure-dependent manner","volume":"283","author":"L Tomasinsig","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2011.01346.x","article-title":"Involvement of P2X(7) purinergic receptor and MEK1\/2 in interleukin-8 up-regulation by LL-37 in human gingival fibroblasts","volume":"46","author":"P Montreekachon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.1.583-591.2005","article-title":"Interaction and cellular localization of the human host defense peptide LL-37 with lung epithelial cells","volume":"73","author":"YE Lau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.2.1146","article-title":"The cationic antimicrobial peptide LL-37 modulates dendritic cell differentiation and dendritic cell-induced T cell polarization","volume":"172","author":"DJ Davidson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802586","article-title":"Intracellular receptor for human host defense peptide LL-37 in monocytes","volume":"183","author":"N Mookherjee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0103434","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,22]],"date-time":"2020-08-22T22:19:09Z","timestamp":1598134749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0103434"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bereswill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0103434","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,4]]}}}